Time Warner :: essays research papers

In January 2000, AOL and Time Warner announced a record mountain $166 Billion Dollar unification. Referred to as the Deal of the Century the talk immediately centered on the potential synergies the new company would realize.Steve Case, announced as Chairman, championed the nous of AOL/Time Warner as the Wal-Mart of the media and entertainment industry a one-stop shop marketplace for advertisers to reach their audience. Case envisioned fully interconnected advertising campaigns with bundled AOL/Time Warner products.The root word was simple enough through a single point of contact, a marketer like Pepsi could get product placement in a major event movie, run a sweepstakes promotion on the web with the winner appearing in a Warner Brothers sitcom, sponsor a Warner Music artists concert tour and distribute a national print and television branding campaign.Investors applauded.AOL/Time Warners scale & scope would give it a exempt advantage over stand alone competitors.Furthermore, with the integration of Time Warner, AOL, the leading ISP, with 40% of the US market, would be able to differentiate its products with proprietary content from such established brands as People Magazine and Sports Illustrated.Time Warner executives, in turn, saw AOL as a new distribution pipeline into consumer households that could be used to bring forward and extend their collection of brands.The deal seemed to make sense for both sides.So what went wrong?The big question these days is Should Time Warner sell AOL? Is the company stronger together or apart? Over the past year, analysts, investors and company executives have grappled with this issue.Since it helps to understand a companys past when making a decision well-nigh its future, we have structured this presentation in the avocation formatFirst we will briefly review AOL & Time Warners market positions as relegate companies.Second we will cover the complex merger issues that concerned federal regulators.And third, we wi ll take a look at the period directly following the mergers approval.Finally, once we have painted the full picture of the merger and its results, we will conclude with our recommendation for the companys future.Prior to concourse with AOL, Time Warner, was itself the result of two successful mega mergers. The first was in 1989 when Time-Life, a print media company, merged with Warner Communications, an entertainment company with interests in movies and music. This was subsequently followed up with the merger of Turner Broadcasting Systems, Ted Turners Atlanta based company with cable properties like TNT and CNN. These two mergers had created a powerful, vertically and horizontally integrated media company but still, something was missing.

A Comparison Of The Knight And The Squire In Chaucers The Canterbury Es

In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales,chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a straight gentleman. Thisquality is explored in Chaucers cardinal characters of the warrior class, theKnight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight both ridegallantly and stand the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two arevery dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the truequalities of chivalry, devotion to wait on, constancy in humility, andh one(a)sty. The Squire possesses none of these qualities truly instead hisdemeanor is one that is less honorable and virtuous. Although both claimthe same vocation, the Squire and the Knight display contradicting attitudesin respect to dedication, material possessions, and sincerity.The main point in the translation of the Knight was the abundance andimportance of his battles, while it was the least mentioned aspect in theSquire. The entirety of the Squires military experienc e is named in twolines, "he had seen some service with the cavalry/ If Flanders and Artoisand Picardy," perchance a direct consequence of the Squires youth (5). Thelist of the Knights battles clearly dominates the text of his description,running many lines. He had embarked ".along the Mediterranean coast" tosuch(prenominal) places as Alexandria, Lithuania, Russia, Granada, Algeciras, NorthAfrica, Benamarin, Anatolia, Ayas, and Attalia (4). Not only were thebattles of the knight more numerous, they were more extensive and requiredlengthy travels to far-away lands. The Squire had "done valiantly in diminishedspace" in these battles, nevertheless had not distinguished himself from his peers.This is implied when it is said that he had only seen "some service with thecavalry" (5).The Squire had pursued no famous errands in the interest of chivalrylike his father. The "distinguished knight", on the other hand, was very brave because of his uncond itional dedication (4). He had been in" xv mortal battles" and "always killed his men" which supports that heis committed to his work, as opposed to the Squire, who possessed adistracted attitude (4). "He could make sons and poems and recite, / Knewhow to joust and dance, to amaze and write" and so has focused his time andenergy to many other things (5). The S... ...agility", he did not use it to the full extent that his fatherused his own. In all aspects, in comparison with his own contradictorybehavior, and in comparison with the Knights behavior, the Squire is shownto be less than sincere in his chivalry.The Knight and the Squire have distinctly different attitudes towards theirvocation. As a result, they are complementing images of the medievalwarrior. The Knight is the romantic image that all true knights aspire to,generously practicing such chivalrous qualities as dedication, humility, andsincerity. Contrasting this, however, is the image depicted by the Squire,that of an imperfect knight who was to some degree boastful, lusting, orsuperficial. The Squire was never directly criticized by Chaucer, but theimplications that resulted from the description amounted to an extravagant,un-chivalrous image, perhaps a reflection of the actual knights of Chaucersday. Therefore, Chaucer was not merely comparing two knights and definingthe virtues that comprised chivalry, but on a bigger home plate was revealing thecorruption ofhumanity by comparing the difference between the realities of our humanitywith the ideal of perfection.

Panama Canal Essay -- essays papers

Panama communication channel EssayThe canal was the best thing that ever happened to Panama. The Panama Canal was started under President Roosevelt and completed by his successor, William Howard Taft. The canal was built across an isthmus, a narrow body of land that connects two larger land areas, which connects magnetic north and South America. In some places in Panama the isthmus is only 50 miles across. The french started the canal in the late 1800s. They had just built the whence famous Suez Canal with relative ease. The Suez Canal, unlike the Panama Canal, was a straight canal on level ground, in a relatively dry climate. The French had failed in building the Panama Canal because of the tropical climate, in which deadly tropical diseases consumed their workers, and because of the kettle of fish range in which they could not cut through. He had plotted to build the canal in the way of the Suez Canal, straight and sea level. You can see the trouble with trying to cut out that much land, through the mountain range, making it at sea level. The Americans tried their hand in the early 1900s. Three main people helped made the canal a success. Teddy Roosevelt was whizz of those people he saw the military importance of a canal. He called for the cruiser, Oregon, to sail around South America from San Francisco to Cuba so it could be present in the battle at Santiago Bay. The entire journey took ten weeks. He was the driving force in getting the permission to build the canal because he realized the importanc...

Personal Narrative- Parties :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Parties Every weekend there is a party somewhere. Whether it is out(p) at the Momma, the lake, or even at someones house, it is the change place to be. Last year, I arrived at the H bothoween dance not wearing a costume but expecting to have a great time with all of my friends dancing and listening to music. I overheard someone talking about a party that was going to start at Marys house. Being invited to go with all of my friends, I didnt want to be the wimp of the group, so I decided to go along. I drove away from the dance thinking that I would only placate for a little while at the party.Pulling into the driveway, I instantly knew that this wasnt a good idea. My hands were shaking, and I had goose bumps all over my armor and legs. What if my parents find out? I thought. How would I be able to explain being at a party to them? I was supposed to be at the dance. I looked at the trailer and saw people going in and out. Can I still leave? I was going to leave . However, I stepped out of my car and could hear the music playing from someones system. It was the song Joker by the Steve Miller Band.The aroma of the trailer could be smelt outside, and the Jack Daniels was being circulated ilk popcorn at a baseball game. I looked inside and saw people sitting on a dark pumpkin-colored couch playing cards. They were wall hanging out in the kitchen. People were going to and from the small 70s size refrigerator popping the tops off of their beers and letting them fall on the floor which was cover in dirt, pieces of broken dry wall, and glass from a broken window. The looks on peoples faces were that of sheer fun, they were making fools out of themselves, and, even if they hated it, they werent going to stop.I form Mary, who was gloating with the thoughts of her fantastic party, and behind her rose a voice that I recognized very well. I looked and saw Tonya staggering down the concrete go of the trailer. She was laughing hysterically and talkin g in a loud, uncontrollable voice. Supporting herself on the car next to us, she looked at me through her almost psychotic eyeball and started to rummage through her pockets and babble.

Psychotherapy Essay -- Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do non cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression) rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the nodes automatic and unsuccessful thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the clients cognitive distortions, core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and schemas. Another positive aspect is that this approach focuses on the cognitive triad, which consists of how one views the self, the world, and the future (Corey, 2009). Furthermore, CBT places responsibility on the psyche to put insight into action by making changes to their thoughts and behaviors, both in and out of the therapy sessions (Corey, 2009). In order to bring about change, the client needs to image that the primary source of difficulty lies in how they perceive events based on their belief system (Kellogg & Young, 2008). Overall, CBT is a structured approach that emphasizes EVTs, learning, empowerment, brevity, and focusing on the soul (Kellogg &Young, 2008). CBT is open to using techniques from other approaches that fit the needs of the client, and the empirically validated techniques of CBT, when individualized for the client, work well in other approaches (Corey, 2009). These aspects of CBT make it a useable approach that can be adapted for individuals from different cultural and economic backgrounds (Corey, 2009 Kellogg & Young, 2008). In general, CBT is a structured approach and inclu... ...manual (Craske & Zucker, 2001). It is rare for a client to recognise into therapy with only one disorder that has the outlined symptoms of the diagnosis that calls for a particular treatment. Therefore, following the manual stringently may not h elp the client improve, simply making slight deviations depending on the clients characteristics and circumstances may allow the technique to be successfully adapted and useful for the individual. It is also possible that a clinical psychologist will add their own individual preferences to therapy no matter what therapeutic approach or technique they use (Scaturo, 2001). A proportion between the use of manualized treatments and clinical judgment to formulate the case conceptualization is needed to be used in order to gather enough discipline on the client to successfully use any necessary treatment techniques (Craske & Zucker, 2001).

Psychotherapy Essay -- Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not ca purpose ablaze problems (e.g., guilt or depression) rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the guests automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately economic aid them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the clients cognitive distortions, core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and schemas. Another positive aspect is that this approach focuses on the cognitive triad, which consists of how unrivaled views the self, the world, and the future (Corey, 2009). Furthermore, CBT places responsibility on the individual to put cortical potential into action by making changes to their thoughts and behaviors, both in and out of the therapy sessions (Core y, 2009). In order to bring about change, the client needs to understand that the primary cum of difficulty lies in how they perceive events based on their belief system (Kellogg & Young, 2008). Overall, CBT is a structured approach that emphasizes EVTs, learning, empowerment, brevity, and foc utilize on the individual (Kellogg &Young, 2008). CBT is open to using techniques from other approaches that fit the needs of the client, and the empirically validated techniques of CBT, when individualized for the client, work well in other approaches (Corey, 2009). These aspects of CBT make it a useful approach that stern be adapted for individuals from different cultural and economic backgrounds (Corey, 2009 Kellogg & Young, 2008). In general, CBT is a structured approach and inclu... ...manual (Craske & Zucker, 2001). It is rare for a client to come into therapy with only one disorder that has the outlined symptoms of the diagnosis that calls for a particular treatment. Therefore, fol lowing the manual stringently may not help the client improve, but making supple deviations depending on the clients characteristics and circumstances may allow the technique to be successfully adapted and useful for the individual. It is also likely that a clinical psychologist will add their own individual preferences to therapy no matter what therapeutic approach or technique they use (Scaturo, 2001). A balance between the use of manualized treatments and clinical judgment to formulate the case conceptualization is needed to be used in order to gather enough information on the client to successfully use any necessary treatment techniques (Craske & Zucker, 2001).

Personality Theory

Learning is defined as Any relatively durable change in behavior that can be attributed to experience (Coon). It is non, however, a temporary change caused by outside forces. Therefore, things such as motivation, disease and dishonor cannot be considered to be a form of learning. This is because once the disease, injury, etc. has been removed, behavior go forth return to it s state before the influence.There are 2 main keys to every learning process the reinforcement, which is anything that increases the chances that the desired response will take place, and the response, which is the behavior that takes place as a reaction to the reinforcement. An antecedent is the later onmath which takes place before a response, and is the basis for Classical Conditioning. A consequence is something that follows a response, and is the foundation for what psychologists call Operant Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is based on what takes place before a response. It begins with some action that will inevitably make believe a response.That action is then associated with another that does not induce a response, or a Neutral Stimulus. After enough repetition, the neutral stimulus which did not previously produce a response will now, on its own, produce the response of the action it was coupled with. It is now what is called a condition Stimulus, or a stimulus that produces a response because it has been paired with another. A good exemplification of Classical Conditioning is presented by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Physiologist. Pavlov noticed that his dogs would tommyrot when he put food in their mouths.After some time passed, he noticed that the dogs would begin to drool upon seeing the food. Then, the dogs began drooling at the sight of Pavlov. It was then that Pavlov noticed that learning had taken place. The dogs had associated the food with the appearance of Pavlov. The dog s drooling did not shake to be learned it was what is called a reflex, or an automatic respo nse. The reflex is a type of Unconditioned Response, a response that happens on its own. That reflex to drool was finally paired with seeing Pavlov and transmiting to be fed. Eventually, the sight of Pavlov was enough to make the dog drool, without ever presenting food.The dog s drooling had then become a Conditioned Response, or a response that has been conditioned by stimuli. This is a prime spokesperson of Classical Conditioning. Operant Conditioning focuses on consequences, or what follows a response. In this type of conditioning, a response is followed by some type of reinforcement. This reinforcement can be something good, something bad, or nothing at all. If an action results in a punishment, the action is less likely to take place. However, if the action is followed by reinforcement, such as praise, food, or other rewards, the action is more likely to be repeated.An example of Operant Conditioning is found in the works of B. F. Skinner. Although he rejected the ideas of th eories of learning, (Skinner), he is well known for one of his creations, dubbed the Skinner Box. A skinner street corner is a small, barren chamber into which a hungry rat is placed. The box is featureless, except for a lever on one wall. As the rat explores, it by the bye presses this lever, and a pellet of food or a drop of water is released. Eventually, the rat will learn to cor move the lever to receiving a food pellet. He will then move the lever when he is hungry.This is called the Law of Effect responses that have desirable effects are repeated, while negative effects will lessen the tendency for the response to take place. What has happened is a good example of Operant Conditioning. The rat is hungry. The rat, then, has had reinforcement (the food pellet) to perform a response (the lever press). In this situation, the food pellet acts as an Operant Reinforcer, or something that encourages the event which it follows. In both of these instances, Acquisition has occurred. A cquisition is the training in which learning occurs. in one case it has taken place, Expectancy comes into tantrum.Expectancy is the anticipation that the learned conditioning will continue to produce the same response. However, if the reinforcement is taken away from conditioning, we can expect that the conditioned response will begin to fade. This is called Extinction. This occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of it s reinforcement. However, occasionally, a response may resurface after it is believed to be extinct. This is known as Spontaneous Recovery. Once a response has been conditioned, the response will continue to take place unless the reinforcement is removed.In many another(prenominal) cases, however, a reinforcement that is similar to the original will still bring about the desired response. This is called Stimulus Generalization. An example of this would be if someone who looked like Pavlov walked into the view of the dogs. They may begin drooling because of their conditioning to do so at the appearance of Pavlov. After some time, though, the dogs will learn to distinguish between Pavlov and the imposter. After that point, the dogs would respond differently to the 2 men. This learning is known as Stimulus Discrimination.Conditioning has been very useful to psychologists and social workers who want to effect behavior. However, these laws of conditioning can have negative repercussions. For instance, phobias stem from conditioning, usually in early childhood. For instance, a child could have a negative experience with a kitten, or other dramatics pet. This negative experience, previously a Neutral Stimulus, has now been linked with fear, anxiety, and other negative emotional responses. This process is called Conditioned emotional response. This creates a phobia, or an kafkaesque fear of a thing or situation. There are different ways to treat and cure phobias.The first is called Desensitization. This would be used, for example, with a person with a fear of heights. The person would gradually be taken higher off the ground, perhaps over days, weeks, or longer. This would gradually introduce them to the fear and at long last forget them to be free of the phobia. In more extreme cases, a conditioning called Vicarious Classical Conditioning is used. If someone had an extreme phobia of snakes, the person office be exposed to a video tape of someone holding a snake. Through small steps such as these, the person could eventually recover from the phobia.

Mildred D. Taylor Essay

The successful and renowned author Mildred D. Taylor was born in Mississippi, Jackson and has used her excellent writing style to wee the thrilling and get novel Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry to put across her knowledge and experience of the complexities of the south when there was legalised segregation of Blacks and Whites. The interesting and various(a) characters in this story were skilfully created by Taylor to put across the varied and often devastating injustices that regularly occurred in the south during The Great Depression of the 1930s.For the purposes of this turn up I will be discussing the experiences and reactions of two very different characters, Uncle Hammer and Mr. Morrison. The reason for my choice is that I feel they are characters that in some right smart stand out when looking at their experiences and actions in regards to the question. They are two very respective(a) characters particularly physically Mr Morrison was a human tree in height, the long trunk o f his massive body, his skin the deepest of ebony relating to where he came from which was two strong same bulls parents which suggested that he had a family heritage of stud farms.Uncles hammer dark, red-brown skin, a square jawed face. These two men are used in this novel to represent an understanding of the south through experience of violence. Uncle hammer fought in the civil war along with his brother who had died. Mr Morrison had regularly been delivered by violence through family and the loss of his job. They use this violence to battle racism that is put towards them and confront it when needed in their environment but in different ways and Uncle Hammer will do anything to stop racism as he does not like it for the fact his brother was killed by whites.When Mr Morrison is confronted there is no stopping this machine that was brought from knowledge of the creations in stud farms They was both of them from breeded stock and they was strong like bulls but he only acts in self -defence. In contrast uncle hammer is the owner of land whilst Mr Morrison is a poor sharecropper. They are two very diverse characters although they have similar qualities. Mr Morrison the poor sharecropper has only friends he can rely on because of his story in the railroad business.He shows how grateful he is and this lands him a job in the Logan family business. Uncle hammer gets land from the Logans because he can protect their business from going down the drain. Mr Morrison a calm man had a tragic event he experienced the killing of his own father and mother during the civil war when they had come after them that are the white people. Mr Morrison had as well as another experience of segregation when he got fired from the railroad business for beating up the white people.He was fired got fired because he was shady and therefore was not good enough while the whites had stayed on to their job. This showed an example of how the south was at this time. On the other hand, Uncle Ha mmer experienced the same circumstance as Mr Morrison but his family was his two brothers that sacrificed themselves to make life better for blacks. During the civil war Uncle Hammer and his two brothers fought for how they believed the world should be.Uncle Hammer came out with a impoverished leg limping slightly on his left leg His brothers failed to return and he has come back to avenge his brothers and also to get justice. In conclusion, to this compelling book Mildred D Taylor used these two characters due to the fact that they were the tellers of what the south was like during the period of legalised segregation. They used their understanding to explain the difficulties as well as what would happen to Blacks if they were to disobey Whites.

Nestle Crunch Marketing Plan Essay

Executive SummaryThis marketing plan was created for Nestle comminute to position itself in the next year to deliver at least $13 million in profit without increasing the budget by over $2 million. An analysis of the deep brown confectionery market forgeting be analyzed to develop marketing strategies to implement to satisfy these objectives. situation analysesMarket SizeCrunch is produced by the largest food and beverage company, which is Nestle. Retail gross revenue of chocolate confectionery comprised of $33.8 billion in retail gross sales, which $16.9 billion were in chocolate sales.Market TrendsThe growth rate of chocolate confectionery lagged behind the cereal, gum, and lollipop confectionery and founding very little projected growth through 2014.Unit Volume35% of the market sh ar in sales were the fixity sized Chocolates, 30% were for the miniatures, 25% were of advancemental items (promotes seasonal sales), and then there were the king sizes which made up of only 10 % of the market sales.PriceNestls strategy was to list the lowest wrong on their bars at $0.79 each for Butterfinger and Crunch, patch its close competitor, Hersheys priced its Bars and Reeses cups at $0.89. The new(prenominal) competitor, Mars, priced theirs even higher at $0.99 each. Price increase would result in lost in sales.Product Services OfferedNestle Crunch offered consumers a chocolate confectionery that served as an indulgent treat in contrast to satisfying hunger.SWOT AnalysisIn SWOT, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. In business, the strengths identified are what a business works to maintain, build, and leverage. Weaknesses that are identified should be removed, resolved, or remedied. Opportunities and threats are external factors. External factors are, in most part, out of our external locale of control. We can only either optimize it or deal with it. Opportunities should be prioritized and optimized. Identified threats must be acknowledged by a busin ess and/or develop counter measures for it, if any (SWOT Analysis, 2009).INTERNALStrengthsOffer the lowest prices among competitorsCrunch is regarded as an indulgence, a reward, or treatParticipates in all channels of distributionProduced by the worlds largest food and beverage company Nestle WeaknessesMarketing budget cannot increase more than $2M from the previous year (2009)Its positioned to target males and young adults who were not the largest chocolate consumersEXTERNALOpportunitiesLarge market in the MidwestFemales and children consumed most of the chocolate confectioneryPsychographic segments that are potential target marketsPractical value seekersConfection kind moderatorsTV has the greatest reachThreatsChocolate sales lag behind sugar confectionery, cereal bar and gum Competitors Hershey and Mars in the U.S. market treatmarketing strategyPositioningWe want to position Crunch asNestle Crunch is for women and children who want to reward themselves to an indulgent chocola te treat, because Nestle Crunch is the only chocolate bar that tells you best that you deserve it. strategy developmentObjectiveThe mission is to deliver at least $13 million in profit without increasing the budget by more than $2 million. Targeted Consumer DemographicsTarget MarketCrunch satisfies a consumers need to satisfy an indulgent desire, and promotion is used to trigger these impulses. Therefore, promotion is vital to increasing sales. Specifically, to children and females (teenage females, adult females, and mothers) who mostly attribute chocolate as an indulgent desire according to theFigure downstairsIn addition, according to the research, women are 51% of the population and consume 6% more chocolate than men. Children and young adults under the age of 25 comprise 60% of the population. In terms of geography, the Midwest is 22% of the population and the region that sells the most chocolate confectionery.strategy developmentFinancial ProjectionsStrategy and ExecutionMinu s 1 fact of free standing insert (FSI) coupon good on one regular size Crunch bar Add I event of A regular bar bonus size (+25%) is offered during 2-week promotional period it was not offered in 2009 Minus 1 event of a 2-week keep display featuring regular size Crunch Distribution increases by 2.0 percentage pointsA Crunch price increase of +12.5% on all products would match Hersheys retail prices but would still be less than Mars prices no pricing action was taken in 2009The following table shows the impact on sales and profit when making changesin the marketing mix.According to the table, with the marketing mix selected we are able to achieve our objective of ensuring production contribution of at least $13 million, our profitability percentage change is at least over 15%, and budget does not increase by more than $2 million.Advertising and PromotionMedia MarketingThe media vehicles for publicizing that will be utilized are TV, print, and online. Since TV has the greatest reach , 70% is allocated in the budget for TV advertising and promotion 20% for online and 10% of the budget for print marketing. The total budget for these media marketing is a little below $12.9 millionWe have an estimated reach of 90% for the TV advertising and marketing and 10% and 20% for print and online respectively.The pie graph below illustrates the media mix selectionPricing strategyThe pricing strategy will be to increase the price of Crunch by 12.5%, which will match the Hersheys retail price, but will still be below the price of Mars. An increase in price does result in a decrease in sales, but after thorough examination of the P&L, it will show an increase in profitability to justify the drop in sales.Distribution strategyIncreasing the distribution showed to increase sales. Since a large percentage of sales were sold through other distribution channels besides mass merchandisers, supermarkets, and convenient stores, an increase in distribution to the other channels that inc lude medicine stores, warehouse club, and vending machines, justify a slight budget increase as shown in the Figure below.The following figure summarizes the marketing planPromotions, advertising, and specific events are concentrated on the special holidays that historically show increase sales in the chocolate confectionery market.Many of the events are also rivet mostly in the Midwest, because this region is shown to have the highest sales and consumption in the nation.The budget is kept below a $2 million increase while still accomplishing the goal of increasing profitability.Other MetricsThe following table shows 2008 and 2009 chocolate confectionery market size and market shares of Nestl Crunch and its competitors as surplus references.ReferencesAlan Chapman. SWOT Analysis. (2009, October 13). Retrieved October 16, 2009, from http//www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_swot.htmU.S. CHOCOLATE CONFECTIONERY DYNAMIC MARKETING PLANNING. Retrieved on June 02, 2014 from https/ /brenau.instructure.com/courses/1209789/pages/course-documents?module_item_id=10683688

“A Rose for Emily” Plot/Structure Essay

The temporary hookup of A Rose for Emily separates from the structure of most soon stories by not following the normal chronological order. William Faulkner uses flashbacks to give a better understanding of the internal conflict between the protagonist, Miss Emily, and society. The nonlinear plot structure of A Rose for Emily gives life to the story and creates a different way of comprehending the narrative by keeping the reader confused on what just is happening.Faulkner poses the first section in present time, giving a recap of Emilys life as the local township attend her funeral. The funeral is held at her home, which no one had entered for over ten years, drawing the entire town to attend.The second section uses flashback, describing a time thirty years early, when Emily refused an official inquiry when the townspeople detect a powerful odor coming from her property. This all occurred after her fathers death and the man who people believed Emily would marry, disappeared. The town community begin to pity Emily, recalling when her aunt went insane.Another flashback occurs in section three, recounting when Miss Emily first began seeing the man people believe she would marry, bulls eye Barron. As their descent continues, the sections ends with Emily goes to the drug store to purchase arsenic.In section four, Faulkner describes the reactions of Emily buying arsenic. Many believed that she was going to use the poison to kill herself, devising her possible marriage to Homer seem unlikely. The women of the town insist that the Baptist Minister talk some sense into Emily he does, never speaking of what happened but refusing to go back their again. His wife writes to Emilys cousins who come for a extended stay. Emily purchases atoilet with Homers initial which ignites rumors that the couples marriage was back on. Homer is absent from town, believed to be preparing for Emilys move or avoiding her cousins. Homer reappears one evening but is never seen again. Ref using to leave her house, Emily grows plump and gray. Her door remains closed to outsiders besides an perfunctory china painting lesson.The short story ends in section five, returning to the present where the townpeople open a sealed upstairs room in Emilys home. The room is frozen in time, with items of wedding laid out. The corpse of Homer Barron is stretched out upon the bed, along with a strand of Emilys hair and indentation of a head on the pillow beside his body.A Rose for Emily plot structure keeps the reader interested while confused from the beginning to the very end. The narrators does wonders on making the nonlinear plot structure confusing yet comprehendible.

Achilles, Aeneas, and Roland

Imagine living in a turbulent world, where pile lived their day to day lives praying that they would see the next sunrise. That was emotional state for villagers that lived during the times of the ancient Hellenics and Romans, as well as during the medieval period when Germanic tribes ruled Europe. To help them get through their truly insecure days, people would tell oral stories of great heroes, like those of Achilles, Aeneas, and Roland. Achilles was a Greek warfare hero who fights in the Trojan War, a ten year long war between Greece and Troy (present day Turkey).Aeneas was an epic hero in ancient Roman folklore. He was a soldier who fought in the Trojan War and after(prenominal) surviving the destruction of Troy, he later founded the city of Rome. Roland was an epic hero of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present day France. All tercet of these heroes played vital roles in giving strength and hope to the peoples of their respective cultures. The Illiad was an epic written by a Greek poet named Homer. It takes place in the go bad days of the Trojan War. Achilles was an integral part of the war.He helped raise the Greek soldiers moral, he was an excellent fighter and swordsmen, and he killed Hector, who was the leader of the Trojan forces and son of the business leader of Troy. It is tell that Achilles was half man and half god. He is the offspring of Peleus, King of Thessaly, and the sea nymph Thetis, who had dipped her infant son in the river Styx, thus devising him invulnerable except for the hell by which she held him. In the epic, Homer gave Achilles many human characteristics, including revenge, anger, and love.He even gave him many challenges to overcome. In the beginning of the war, he did non fight because of an affront to his honor that angered him. However struck with grief when his dearest friend Patroclus is killed by Hector, he in revenge joins the war. Through turn out the Illiad, this manful protagonist is on a quest to reconcile selfhood and communal responsibility. After killing Hector, Achilles shows his humanity by sparing Priam, the King of Troy, when he sneaks in to the Greek camp.He even grants the kings request by giving back his dead sons body, so that he can have a proper burial. He could have killed Priam and ended the ten year long war, however he chose to act on good virtue and morals and that showed his humanity. Aeneas, the Trojan innate(p) epic hero in Virgils Aeneid, was Romes mythical founder. His father was Prince Anchiseses, who was the second cousin of the King of Troy, King Priam. His mother was Venus, the god of love, beauty, and procreation. manage Achilles, Aeneas was also part god, part man. His mission was to gather any survivors from Troy and take them on a journey to Italy, where he will establish the city of Rome. On his journey however they end up settling in Carthage where he meets and has a long affair with the beautiful Carthaginian princess, Dido. While in Carthage, the me ssenger god, Mercury, leaves Aeneas a message. The message was to remind him to leave Carthage and proceed to Italy and end his love affair with princess Dido.Despite the fact that he loved Dido very much, his stoical sense of duty overcomes his desire for personalized fulfillment. That is the characteristic of a true hero. He told Dido that he never asked for any of what happened. He said if he had his way, he would be watching over the city of Troy, and caring for his people. Also, Priams palace would still be standing. The last thing he tells her was that he goes to Italy not because he wanted to. He was asked by the Gods to move to Italy and he will not fail the duties that are installed for him.That is what makes him a pious man. Roland, the last of the great epic heroes, was the nephew of Charlemagne, a Frankish chieftain who was crowned by the pope as Emperor of the Romans. In The Song of Roland, Roland was described as a very modest yet arrogant man. He said that he coul d strike great blows to the pagans with his sword, Durandel. In the story, he faced the challenge of halting the Muslim impact of France. The Saracens were the Muslims invading France.He was described as a model medieval hero, because he was a natural Christian leader who was sent on a holy war to stop the Muslims from invading and converting France. He was a noble Frenchman, who died at the hand of power and land hungry, Islamic forces. At the end of the story, it is said that he died while he was chasing away the pagans. To this day, in the 21st century, homo sapiens still write stories about heroes that will save them and society. The number oneness characteristic that describes a hero is one that has a Stoic sense of duty that can overcome the desire for personal fulfillment.Achilles, Aeneas, and Roland were all created to create personal comfort for their people that lived in such a hectic and dangerous world. These three protagonists who were viewed by their cultures as gods also showed their people that they did portray human characterists (two out of the three even die) and that anyone can be like them if they tried. In a way they were used to inspire their respective residents to be better civilians in their community. If everyone could take over that, than living in a turbulent world would go from reality to fiction.

Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Speeches Essay

Thesis Though they world power be similar, the differences argon of the utmost importance, the circumstances of each of their times, the changes in audience, and the design of their speeches.Needs Inprovement onMachanics- grammer,punctuation, spellingStyle word choice, formality, sentence structureThe only thing we have to idolatry is fear it selfand film non what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. Two of the most influential quotes of the twentieth century taken from their inaugural speeches, as they were about(predicate) to embark on the Presidency of the United States of America. Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt diffuse the first passage on March 4th, 1933 and late President privy F. Kennedy voiced the second passage on January 20th, 1961. Both inaugural speeches came at important times during American History and both share similarities and differences. Though they might be similar, the differences are of the utmost importance, the ci rcumstances of each of their times, the changes in audience, and the office of their speeches. Each can be interpreted its own manner in which they are.To low off, each speech is presented under different circumstances during American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt is dealing with the depression of the United States. His speech comes at a time when taxes have risen, the efficiency to pay has f in allen, and not only is the American government aspect up with restriction of income, but governments around the being as well. He speaks of how many farmers cant seem to find a market for their produce and how the savings of thousands of families have vanished. Most important of all he mentions a host of unemployed citizens faced with a life and death state of affairs due to the present economical situation. His presidency therefore faces very depressing circumstances throughout this time.John F. Kennedy, at his preset time is dealing with the Cold War and other war like adversaries. He aims at letting the entire planet feel that the United States has the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. Either they can friend or foe the choice is up to them. He talks about how it doesnt matter whether nations are with us or against us the goal is still the same, liberty. He pledges loyalty to faithful assort and requests a quest for peace from the opposition before another war begins. The circumstances at this time are crucial and his position is that mankind should face them to operateher.The audience has a decisive part during these significant times. Roosevelts audience is hunger, tiered, and begging for change. Roosevelt recognizes these things and he thanks God that it is only material thing such(prenominal) as money, and residences that are effecting the nation instead of plagues and famine that could destroy our way of life. He speaks to the mickle with sympathy yet with the confidence that everything testament be all right. Th at the dark days will be worth all they cost and that it will teach us that we will change the situation for the better and not for the worst. The citizens then have something to look forward to and that there will be work again in the near future.In the case of Kennedy his audience is the entirely world. He lets them know that America means business. He speaks with enthusiasm that we are not afraid of defending our country and by no means are we going to back down. He feels that we should be fighting with our real foes tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself. There should be no fighting for ideas such as communism. The world should take the same high standards of strength and sacrifice that Americans so proudly fight for and fight themselves. Kennedys audience is more focused on the steadiness of peace than fighting another war.Purpose, together these speeches have a common purpose, to motivate. However there is a distinction in Roosevelts speech, his main purpose is to motivate the country into employment, there by creating job opportunities.He affirms that it is not an impossible problem and the government can deal with it with by accomplishing greatly demand projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of national resources. He expresses this through out most of his speech. Giving motivation to keep on living, for there will be a beautiful future to look forward to. Thus the purpose of his speech is in his quote The only thing we have to fear is fear its self.Kennedy on the other hand is not only trying to motivate the American people, but the world as well. The purpose of his speech is do declare a new beginning to point out his friends and foes. He offers a chance to all enemies to start anew in search of peace. The chances for nations to conjugation together and explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce. He lets the public understand that what he is asking for will not be acc omplished during present time but it will and that it is time to begin the chain of events that will prosper in the future. Not only for the people but also for their children. Though all this he lets the nation comprehend that we must be united in this pursuit and fight for what the country believes, Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country.To finish up, both presidential inaugural speeches have their differences but they both get the similar message across inspiration. Without speeches such as these the American people would just give up and die or our democratic government might have crumbled to the ground. Lucky for us both inaugural speeches couldnt have come at better times in history. Each one in their times, with the changes in audience and there incredible purpose to change hopelessness into hope. Thus the contrast of Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedys inaugural speeches, is of great importance and will be for generations to come .

Fashion management

Shade Kennel & Partisanship Katharine Fashion Management Final assignment- Business plan and Management process Lecturer- Squamish Gandhi Submission date 30th November 2013 administrator Summary This report is a study of management process for a retailing company Bluishness that was launched in February 2010. The 1,750 sq. Feet inclose is located in Juju, Iambi, India where it caters to kids wear betwixt the ages of 2-10. With the concept of fast fashion and short lead times, the company also provides an exclusive Personal Shopping service that is new to the market and is the future of retail.Few techniques utilise in this business plan included Market Research, SOOT analysis, PEST analysis, Product Positioning charts and various financial tools. The report begins with a brief mount of the cross out as of to how it started, the company ownership, the goals and missions of the company. A detailed description of the companys product lines and services has been mentioned that i ncludes in-house licensed bags, shoes and accessories. The services include memberships and gift cards and the USPS of the strike out will be the Personal Shopping Services that will be available in person as well as online.Due to the high aim of competition in the market the pricing of the products are fairly put with an average price of INNER 1,500. Also, the store is located on Juju Tara channel as there are no major fashion retailers for a distance of 4. 8 SMS from Shopper Stop Ltd. Uh) to Ever Mood (Sanctuary). Prior to the launch of the brand there will be certain abstract ads that will not entirely give information about the brand but will be a key in creating curiosity among public. This research however focused primarily on the Indian market (Iambi).Statistics ay not be entirely correct due to the limited sample size in the primary research and second-hand information. Table of Content To give a start to the work process it was central to sketch clothing line. Careful attention was paid at the way children dress and get a feel for the trends, then sit down and do a full color sketch of each piece of clothing that was needed to be includes in the line. And once the designing part was done it was discrete to approach a fashion unit where these designed collections could be stitched and viewed practically.One of the most common downfalls of small retailers is that they tie up so much change in inventory and overheads in the beginning. In order to use small amount of capital a decision was made to, concentrate on acquiring select quality merchandise. As our business grows and our customers increase, we suffer then afford to increase our inventory. We avoided buying expensive fixtures at the start, as customers will come to our store because of our merchandise, not so much the ambiance of our store.Before opening the doors of our shop for business, we tried to learn as much about he demographic of our area as possible. Whether we will be leasing a space at the mall or opening a small boutique, knowing the population characteristics of our area their income, age, population brackets can assist in our decision making process. If our area is composed of high-income population, we wanted to purchase brand names and pricier merchandise. It was rightly decided to study the thinking tycoon capabilities and needs of mothers for their kids.If the area is a retirement community, we wanted to look for a new location for our kids clothing store. The success of our clothing store will in large part depend on the right product mix. This depends on our store concept, finances, space, and the expected turnover rate. We made convinced(predicate) to select our merchandise guardedly to meet our markets needs, and keep up with fashion trends by attending trade shows. At the start of our business, it may be smart strategy to buy peculiar(prenominal) items from within several product lines.By offering a wider selection, we could protect ours elves in case a line does not sell as expected. It was made sure that all the merchandise delivered to us by our suppliers is inspected thoroughly and is of acceptable quality.Because of our appeal to a relatively select group of people, chances were we wouldnt have hundreds of customers in the shop at any one time. We made an effort to know our customers by name, and even call big spenders when we get in a shipment with merchandise dear right for them. Our advantage over the larger stores is the extra attention we can lavish our customers.

Communications: The Mechanistic Perspective Essay

Communication the process of transmitting and receiving ideas, schooling, and substances. The speedy transmitting of information over long distances and ready access to information defecate become app atomic number 18nt and important features of human race society, especially in the past 150 years.The encyclopedia definition of communication encompasses the ideas of exchanging a variety of messages with some others. This is important to remember when looking at communication theory at heart an organization.The whole process of communication theory inwardly organizations is very complex and is certainly one of the major(ip) factors in determining whether an organization allow for succeed or non. The following cover deals with the different examples, influences and improvements at bottom the realm of communications in organizations. ship mien of conceptualizing communicationsIt is necessary to look at the problem from many viewpoints to understand how communications argon performed within an organization. These intromit psychological, systems-interaction, interpretive-symbolic, and mechanistic. All of these aras are very important to understand the whole picture, but the focus of this paper will be in the mechanistic sight.Mechanistic Perspective learning within an organization determines their baron to make informed decisions and the hard-hittingness of those decisions is based on the way they communicate. This mechanistic perspective on communications deals entirely with the message, the medium and factors that aid or detract from the process.In this model, communication is initiated by the s poleer finished to the receiver. Each process is then broken bug out into bits of data that potbelly be analyzed. The areas of splendour are the ways in which the sender and receiver utilize perceptive processes to encode and decode the messages andthe fact that hindrance is in the system.Any message from a sender to a receiver would convey exa ctly what the import is intended in a perfect world. It is very important that the sender says exactly what they are assay to say and the receiver knows exactly what the sender is saying. The following ideal illustrates this pointClear and concise is what is in demand(p) within a ship building contract. If the contract does non describe exactly what is required, the contractor preserve get extra money for including those extras during the building stages. The Irving led Saint John Shipbuilding organization has make much more than their true contract for building the Canadian Patrol Frigates due to these arisings. It was even suggested that this was actuate of their contract plan from the beginning.In analyzing this situation, it was very challenging for the Canadian Department of National Defense (DND) to suck in up for everything beca social occasion of the complexity of the contract, the number of mortalnel on the contract writing team, and the fact that many iteratio ns were required for DND and sevens prior to letting the contract. In fact, the writing was started ten years prior to the contract macrocosm let, so technology had changed many of the basic assumptions about the type of work to be done.Verbal and Non-Verbal Communicationsintact to transmission of messages are the verbal and non-verbal cues which aid in helping to decode a message.Verbal cues are dependent on language. Nuances intrinsic to a language can make the decoding vexed if not impossible even by someone who uses the same language. This may be a local accent or cross- kingdom differences. Examples of cross-country differences would be English from England, Canada, and the United States. Each is the same language, but to each one has separate nuances that can make it very difficult to decipher by someone from another country speaking the same language. A personal example is asking for a washroom in Southampton, England, at a train station and being told that they did not deal one. The word that I should mother used was toilet.Dialects within a country can make it impossible to understand the original message. Another personal example is attempting to decipher someone from northwestern Newfoundland their dialect made it virtually impossible to understand. The point is to utilize the scoop transmission method in order to minimize the decoding difficulty for the receiver.Non-verbal cues are those expressions of emotions and attitudes toward another person and in regulating the interaction between people. The school text organizes the cues into seven categories and includes good examples, including environment, proximity, posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye mien and vocalics.One area missing within communications chapter was what the person is wearing, but was included in chapter 6, knowledge and performance evaluations. more books advocate dressing for success. Some examples include storageping, salesperson and the office. If you are goi ng to shop at flea markets, dressing down is a good way to start the bargaining process. A automobile salesperson should dress to battle array that he is successful, but not ostentatious.In my profession, I dress towards the thickening based on whether suit and tie or casual are the choice for the clients organization. This non-verbal cue can aid in preparing the initial psychological base for the remainder of the conversation and raft that it does not detract from the conversation while it is ongoing.Influences on CommunicationPhysical and personal factors influence communications. organisational externalise influences physical factors, which deals with layout of the office, ne dickensrks for communications, and the media selected for the message. Personal factors include the differences between individual styles, men and women, and cultures.Organizational DesignThe plan of the organization must be based on what the organization is attempting to accomplish. engineering scie nce can enable these designs to take on new meanings as methods become available to communicate as never before.The first array to look at is the design of the office. The typical office has plaza allocated based on position of the employee. A worker may be in a bull pen type of environment whereas the chairwoman will have a large office to show their particular status. Two personal examples include the Ship Repair Unit and Deloitte and Touche Consulting Group. Each has a typical office layout the workers are in offices with partitioned walls managers have outer offices, some with windows and the general manager has the largest, most pretentious office space. The communications tend to have very structured down and up paths. Methods of communications include computer email, voice mail, and written memos. intimately critically, however, the intelligent office building must clearly improve the quality of the workplace for the individual, representing a major philosophical change in the office design. After all, what is the electronically enhanced office intended to facilitate, if not the effectiveness, productivity, and well-being of the worker, and the ultimate effectiveness of the organization.Traditional organizational design ideas are being challenged with the concepts of tele-commuting and virtual companies and offices. Technology has enabled us to plug into the office place anywhere in the world utilizing advanced telecommunications and computer advances. Many offices now have flexible office areas for their workers where they can sit down, plug in a laptop and have a phone, desk, and general office requirements available. When they are at their other office locations, they simply plug in to that particular location. All of this is transparent to the sender or receiver of information from that individual.An example is an advertisement agency where a friend of mine works for in Toronto which has other offices in New York and Chicago. When he commutes tot hese offices, he has all of the these resources available to him. This is transparent to his clients, who just thinks he does a wonderful job from his spot office in Toronto. The types of communications are similar, with more emphasis based on digital transmissions (email and voicemail). I utilize voice mail effectively when on a client site by having a location for clients to call in for me and I can vet and prioritize my calls.Employment in the Information Age is undergoing a transformation which may cause as much dislocation as the bunk from farm to factories did in the 19th century. Studies predict that the ranks of those with alternative office arrangements will grow by 10 percent or more every year during the remainder of the decade.The virtual company challenges communications within an organization even greater than present designs. This entity has allowed small organizations to work as effectively through the use of advanced communications and allows larger companies to c hange the way they do business. Some of the requirements for a company to be effective in virtual space include robust infrastructure for individual employees, including cellular phone, takeout computer with communications remote managing how do you know the person is doing their work? employees must have the reform attributes to make it all work. When it does work, it works very well. The employee is either on a client site or at home and is more effectiveA personal example is a company in which I was a co-owner. This virtual company was a computer consulting firm specializing in Microsoft Office Integration. We had a management team from within Nova Scotia (5 people), programmers from around North America, and clients from around the world. This organization was difficult to run from the perspective of handing off information and brain-storming, but was very good at allowing each employee to work in their space of choice to increase productivity.The majority of the clients were local a firm handshake and the ability to look someone in the eye is still stronger than the pen and keyboard. The international clients tended to be software firms who were looking for someone to job a small portion of a project. The reason the business raneffectively was that the employees were suited to the environment. If the business was not as high tech orientated, I would be reluctant to state that it would work as effectively.The type of design of the organization must be orientated to their mission. As the communication network characteristics shows , the different types of networks are good at some things and poor at others. The tradeoffs are usually flexibility and satisfaction against errors with dewy-eyed tasks.Risk to human life or catastrophic failure was a point missing in network design.The text makes a number of good points about network design, but did not have an organization with strong lateral dissemination of information. This is important in more and more organizations as furlough is taking out layers of middle managers, the overall manager cannot control or handle all of the information volume, but the job must still be done. The new managers require a naiant blend of communications to get their job done.Personal FactorsThe personal factors within communications are more difficult to define. Consequently, they are also more difficult to improve upon. The text outlines very briefly some of those payoff areas, including individual difference, culture differences, and male and female differences.Listening and RespondingNoise is another area that inhibits or distorts the transmission of a message. The text deals with ways to be more effective in listening and responding to messages.A way to further analyze the effects of folie and barriers to communications within organizations is to study communications systems utilizing radio frequence (RF) transmissions they have well documented aspects of noisewhich can be analogous to other mediums. Modulation is the technique of employing information (the message) on a carrier signal and sending that signal to the receiver who then decodes it and gets the original transmission. Noise is what distorts that transmission. Different types of modulation techniques are utilized to cut down on the noise immanent to the medium utilized. Analog and digital communications employ all of the different types of modulation.The easiest modulation type (within the electronics) is amplitude modulation (AM) but which has the highest degree of susceptibility to noise. This is based on noise thresholds and the fact that background noise can be so loud that the original message is lost. This is analogous to trying to tell mortal an important message in a busy, noisy room. The background din can make the message almost impossible to hear and understand properly.The second technique is oftenness modulation (FM) which is more difficult to encode and decode, but is less susceptible to no ise. This is because the natural noises the stratosphere produces are not over broad frequency ranges. Phase based modulation employs similar techniques, but uses phase differences to encode the information. This is analogous to listening to FM radio, which is close to what the original sounds like, but still seems weak in comparison to the real thing.Digital communications employ the same modulation techniques as analog communications, but have distinct advantages in conveyance messages over analog systems. Analog transmissions have no trenchant data it is all based on ramps of information. This would be analogous to the difference between an analog speedometer and a digital one. The analog would invest you a continuous representation, but has no distinct breaks the digital speedometer can only show you discrete amount of speed indications.In a digital system, the discrete data is only on or off. This makes it much easier to distinguish the actual data from the noise because the threshold between the two can be much greater (the terminology used is decibels the difference between the receiving message and the noise). This discrete data can be manipulated to ensure that the message is correct this is referredto as error rectification. A communications system analogous to this would be downloading information off the Internet and it error-checking at the receivers end to ensure the file is correct.The situation analogous to this entire noise discussion is that we would normally write something down if it was critical in order to ensure the information is transmitted correctly (digital systems). If we are not worried about errors in transmission, we will convey our message through speech (analog systems).The other points, including fatigue, time pressure, selective listening, status, value judgments, and source credibility are very good observations on the barriers to messages.An example of using listening and responding within communications was the idea that I based my first company on producing multimedia applications. What feature me to orient myself in that filmion in 1991 was a statistic from the MIT media lab 10% of people remember what they hear, 20% remember what they read and 65% remember what they interact with. One area that was missing in the text discussion was that you can get people to remember by interacting with the message. This could be in the form of compact disc read-only memory computer based training, seminar, or one-on-one where the person is forced to think about the information being presented.Application of CommunicationsA good example of ternary types of communications within an organization is within a warship. A personal example is H.M.C.S. Nipigon a Canadian destroyer based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The primary coil purpose for a destroyer is for a weapons platform in which the Government of Canada can utilize to direct their policy.The organization must be robust enough to handle multiple contingenc ies, including bolshie of life, loss of systems, and loss of communications. there is redundancy within departments (supply, engineering, operations) in orderto minimize losing one critical person. Therefore, network design facilitated this by placing the key personnel at different areas in the ship during war time situations.. There are multiple ways to power systems via primary and backup power supplies. Again, to keep communications move over within the systems in order to keep the vessel floating and fighting. There are also multiple ways for external and internal communications to occur. The communications control room (CCR) can patch a multitude of apparently dissimilar systems, including telephones, radios, and digital computers. To minimize errors, the organization has a strict hierarchy with book of instructions as to the types of information to be handled by each person with the organization and how it will be distributed.This is cogitate to the network design and the media types for information. The crew will train repeatedly in order to minimize errors. This is connect to how to minimize the noise within the system. In this case, the noise would be the amount of information available and the interpenetrate would be the voice procedures that personnel must utilize to bubble both internally and externally. This is of vital importance if there are situations happening internally, including fires and floods, and externally, including incoming missiles, planes, ships and submarines.The communication does not stop within the ship. Depending on the scenario, it could be a contingency of Canadian warships, NATO warships, or another conglomeration where various platforms. Inputs could be coming from satellites, helicopters, intelligence, other ships, and planes. There are strict communications protocols and transmission types for this exchange of information employing cryptography and error correction in order to minimize the chance for error. Multi ple forms of communications are at work in this scenario, but the reason it all works is due to the design of the organization.CritiqueThis chapter on communications dealt chiefly with the mechanistic perspective. The other areas are needed to balance this sole focus on linear communications. in spite of appearance the mechanistic approach, there were some areas which were missing which I deemed vital. These included the network flow of the large naiant organization, importance of reducing errors in missioncritical processes, and the application of technology. Communications in organizations having large horizontal movement of information is critical to its success. As previously stated, the reduction of errors can be critical to human life and also to the success of an organization.Technology enablers have evolved so quickly that the types of hardware and software the authors talk about have changed. Concurrent engineering is a term used to describe 24 hr production of engineer ing problems by handing over the problems to destinations throughout the world. Bell Northern Research utilizes this technique to dramatically improve their time to market for products. Not enough research was placed into the way new companies (virtual companies) can communicate more effectively. The world is getting smaller as communications become more effective and this text should reflect more of that type of communication.

Acct451 Week 3

Companies Should not be Held Liable for Losses Sustained in a Successful fervency Made on Their AIS by Outside Sources. ACCT451 2013 I argue against the statement Companies should not be held liable(p) for losses continue in a successful attack made on their AIS by distant sources. There ar several(prenominal) reasons for my contention. The Accounting instruction ashess has been used by businesses to improve their recording, processing, and reporting of account information.At the same time it is the responsibility of the companies to adequately protect their information constitutions from alfresco sources. Since, the bon ton benefits and consequently benefit from the use of account information system, it should bear the losses that arise from attacks on the accounting information system. The agate line in favor of the contention is that the accounting information system not only processes financial legal proceeding to leave alone internal reports to managers but also d oes external reporting to extracurricular parties such as stockowners, presidency and lenders.Since, it is essential that the accounting information system should be vexed by after-school(prenominal)rs the system is particularly vulnerable to outside attacks (1). Still the onus of the security of its accounting information system clearly lies with the telephoner and not with anyone else. It is a part of the business risk of a community. Consider the following example, a bon ton maintains five dissemination centers throughout the country. Each of these distribution centers may be attacked by robbers and looted. Who bears the loss?It is part of the business risk. The company cannot refuse to bear the losses. Similarly, if a company truck carrying goods to or from the company premises is attacked by robbers and is plundered, the company is responsible for the loss. It is another matter that the company may take out an insurance and the insurance company makes good the losses. H owever, the fact remains that the company pays premium for insurance and had there been no insurance, the company would catch been forced to pay for the losses (2).The current accounting information systems bring tremendous benefits to companies. These generate several types of useful reports for the company, the company does not have to employ clerks to manually process accounting data, with a gather of a button information is generated, there are tremendous savings in cost, there is self-regulating payment and generation of important accounting documents, and there is efficiency in processing information. These benefits reduce costs for the companies and improve efficiency but come at a cost.One of the elements of the cost is that the accounting information system may be attacked from outside sources. Since the company enjoys these benefits, it must suffer the costs ( loss because of outside attack). A firm whose warfareehouses get destroyed by hurricanes do not absolve themse lves of their losses because the hurricane is an outside source. Similarly, during war the premises of a firm may get bombed or hit by a missile, nevertheless the company has to bear the loss (3). If an accounting information system is hit by outside sources there is a danger of fraud, computer virus attacks, or hackers.These risks have to be borne by the business as a part of its normal business risks. Further it is the responsibility of the company to maintain the highest level of security for its accounting information system. The physical security should be fool proof, authentication system should be the most advanced, virus protection should be the latest, and backup should be done at a safe place outside the premises. Such measures are required to ensure that attacks on the accounting information system like individuality theft and loss of irreplaceable data do not take place.There are some institutions that are particularly vulnerable to outside attacks. For instance, the b anks are vulnerable to outside attacks where the attackers seek to pilfer money victimisation confidential information. In such cases, higher levels of authentication, and information security should be used. The fact that banks and financial institutions provide accounting information system based services, is a source of profits, these institutions are responsible for losses sustained by them (4).One of the most important features of most accounting information systems is the controls over the system and the security measures that the company implements If the company is not held responsible for the losses sustained by it because of outside attacks the company will forfend its responsibility for controls and security. It is also important that the quality of software used, the backup of data, and the people who are authorized to access the accounting information system are checked and tested.If the company is not held responsible for losses because of outside attacks the company will become lax in its essential functions related to the accounting information system. References (1)Accounting Information Systems, Ulric J. Gelinas, Richard B. Dull E8 Cengage Learning, 2009 (2)Accounting Information Systems James A. Hall E6, Cengage Learning, 2008 (3)Accounting Information Systems Marshall B. Romney, Paul John Steinbart E10, Prentice Hall, 2005 (4)Information System Management, Ankita Bansal, Gyan Publishing House, 2002

Fall of Enron

Q1- Who were the key stakeholders involved in, or touch on by the return of Enron? How and to what degree were they hurt or helped by the actions of Enron management? Ans- The key stakeholders affected by the collapse of Enron were its employees and retirees. Stakeholders and rough-cut funds investors lost $ 70billion market value. Banks were in addition affected by the meltdown of the keep company. They included big banks analogous J P Morgan Chase and Citigroup. Not only the stakeholder and bondholder lose out, the confidence in the company in any theatrical role fell. This was the major setback for the company.The actions of Enron management left a deep scare for its 4000 employees which lost out their jobs and also impacted others around them. Some blamed Arthur Andersen Enrons accounting firm and some blame the get on of directors for insufficient oversights. The damage was so big that it was likely to take years for the court to sort the wreckage. The company did not t hink of its future and took many bad steps just to earn money. The chief operating officer should defend looked into the company matters long time ago and took action so that hundreds of jobs could have been saved. The companies who were associated with the big firm were affected on a very large scale. This was the biggest bankruptcy of a firm with $63.4 billion in assets.Q2- Considering wholly(a) aspects of the case, what factor or factors do you believe most contributed to the collapse of Enron? In your answer, please consider both external and internal factors. Ans Enrons non transparent financial statements did not clearly depict its trading operations and finances with shareholders and analysts. The company started manipulating the re venue figures. Enron used many methods to make the companies condition look better by starting different accounting practices.They also broke the levelheaded and ethical integrity of the company by overseeing the companys financial reports. Ev en supporting the political parties didnt help them. They had a decomposable business model and they misrepresented their financial status to the public so that they can have a better position in the eyes of the public and earn money on basis of that. all(prenominal) the above issues that led to the bankruptcy of the company were perpetuated by the actions of go down, Skilling, Fastow and other executives.They all led to the collapse of the company. Lay did not enquire well-nigh the decisions that Skilling and Fastow were taking. He just approved to everything that they kept in front of him. Skilling everlastingly wanted to keep up to the Wall Street expectations and for this he gave pressure on his executives to find wise was to hide the dept. This was the major setback for the company as they didnt know that in future everything was spillage to come out and it would have led to bad consequences. Lay did not enquire about all this and approved of all the work Skilling was doi ng.Q3- What steps should be taken now by corporate managers, stakeholders, and polity makers to prevent a similar event from occurring in the future? Ans- People should not lie about the companys financial status just to bring it up In the market. Eventually the faithfulness is going to come out one day or the other. Auditors should properly keep track of the finances. Managers, stakeholders and directors should be aware of everything that is happening in the company. Policy makers should think about what steps they are taking and how it go away affect other people lives. They should not make policies for the benefits of the big companies who give them finances for their political endeavours.Updated caseMany executives at Enron were indicated of variety of charges and then sentence to prison. Enrons auditors, Arthur Anderson, was found guilty in a united states district court, but by the time the ruling was over turned at the US supreme court, the firm has lost most of its custom ers and had to shut down. Employees and shareholders received limited returns in the lawsuits they filed. As a consequence of the scandal, new regulations and legislation were enacted to expand the accuracy of financial reporting for public companies.Special conclude entities Enron used special purpose entitieslimited partnerships or companies created to fulfil a temporary or detail purposeto fund or manage risks associated with specific assets. The company elected to disclose minimal enlarge on its use of special purpose entities. These shell firms were created by a sponsor, but funded by self-sufficient equity investors and debt financing. For financial reporting purposes, a series of rules dictates whether a special purpose entity is a mark entity from the sponsor.In total, by 2001, Enron had used hundreds of special purpose entities to hide its debt. The special purpose entities were used for more(prenominal) than just circumventing accounting conventions. As a result of o ne violation, Enrons balance sheet understated its liabilities and amplify its equity, and its earnings were overstated. Enron disclosed to its shareholders that it had hedged downside risk in its own illiquid investments using special purpose entities. However, the investors were listless to the fact that the special purpose entities were actually using the companys own stock and financial guarantees to finance these hedges.This setup prevented Enron from being protected from the downside risk. Notable examples of special purpose entities that Enron employed were JEDI and Chewco, Whitewing, and LJM. The justices agreed to look at ii issues in the appeal of Mr. Skillings 2006 conviction that could have broader repercussions, say legal observers. One deals with the governments contention that Mr. Skilling violated his legal obligation to provide honest services to Enron shareholders because he lied about the energy-trading companys financial condition onwards it collapsed into b ankruptcy in December 2001. Mr. Skillings attorneys maintained that prosecutors misapplied the honest-services statute, arguing their client hadnt lied and didnt cheat Enron or its shareholders.The guerilla issue involves Mr. Skillings claim that he wasnt able to get a fair trial in Houston, settle of Enrons headquarters, because of anger in the community over the companys collapse. Daniel Petrocelli, Mr. Skillings lead attorney, said the Supreme philanders decision means the demurral will finally get an opportunity for a full, frank and fair fall uponing of issues that led to Jeffs improper conviction. The Justice Department declined to comment. The Supreme Court earlier accepted for review another appeal connect to corporate honest-services burlesque. That case involves the conviction of former Hollinger International Inc. Chairman Conrad caustic.Oral arguments in Mr. Blacks Supreme Court case are scheduled for December. No date has been set for oral arguments in the case of Mr. Skilling, who is in federal prison in Colorado. The question of what constitutes honest-services juke is under debate. The lack of clear guidance on the statute has been a problem in this scene of action of criminal law for years, said Mark Biros, a former federal prosecutor and now a partner in the Washington office of Proskauer blush LLP. It would be helpful to everyone if the Supreme Court steps in. Mr. Biros said the court might be considering treating the Skilling and Black appeals as companion cases.The justices could use the twain cases to provide a broader interpretation of the honest-services issue, he said. The courts agreement to hear Mr. Skillings arguments on the location of his trial surprised Columbia Law School professor John Coffee. The area of venue is something the Supreme Court hasnt touched for a long, long time, Mr. Coffee said. If the court agrees with Mr. Skilling, whose attorneys argued for a venue change before the trial, it could have a wide im pact. In the 2006 trial, Mr. Skilling and former Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay were convicted of fraud and conspiracy. Mr. Skilling was also convicted of insider trading.Shortly after the trial, Mr. Lay died of heart-related problems and his conviction was vacated. Former Enron chief financial officer Andrew Fastow, 44, was sentenced to sextette years in prison Tuesday, more than two years after he pleaded guilty to two counts of conspiracy for his involvement in the energy companys 2001 collapse. Jurors in the Houston trial of Enron founder Kenneth Lay and former CEO Jeffrey Skilling reached a verdict Thursday, the sixth day of deliberations, finding both defendants guilty of most conspiracy and fraud charges.

Intercultural Communication and Business Practice

Inter pagan conversation and Business Practice The trunk of sharing symbolic resources by a group of commonwealth is k this instantn as culture and parley is basically the suffice of making and ex changing these symbolic resources or meanings. Since interethnical converse is basically parley between people of different cultures, inter cultural assembly line confabulation is considered as the communication by people of disparate cultures between and inside businesses (Chen, 2007).The importance of intercultural business communication and impact of intercultural communication in business practice is largely because of novelty in the workplace. Most system and businesses depend on intercultural communication since cultural differences do not go on people from working with each different. Actually, in straightaways business environment, the need for good intercultural communication skills cannot be underestimated since it results in better business. Revolutionary Shift i n Business Practice through Intercultural chatAs comp ared to fifteen years ago, business ventures and practice are speedyly becoming much and more(prenominal) world-wideized (Shively, 2010). This is largely due to the fact that todays world is characterized by an ever increasing play of interactions between people from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. International business has begun to develop in more prominent cultures with the exception of only a few regions. Consequently, the rotatory slickness in business practice from an intercultural communication angle is the speedy development of worldwide business ventures across the globe.Business ventures and enterprises are now adopting an worldwide or global perspective that enables them to conduct their business effectively across various cultures. This shift to international business from a global perspective is due to the fact that intercultural communication is a common effortless experience, universal phe nomenon and has been on-going for thousands of years. The increase of intercultural communication in the twenty-first century is also a factor that has contributed to the revolutionary shift in business practice.From an intercultural communication angle, there are four major developments that were significant to the rapid growth of intercultural communication and revolutionary shift in business practice. These major developments include 1. emergences in merchant vessels Technology The developments in transportation technology has not only helped in shrinking the world to a global village but it has in turn created a means for people to travel anywhere within a period of days (Chapter 1 n. d. ).As a result of this easier and quicker traveling, people from different cultural backgrounds communicate in the modern world and engage in business ventures and practices. 2. Improvements in Communication Technology Improvements in communication technology happened concurrently with those in transportation technology prompting the rapid movement toward a global village. These improvements set out resulted in the ability of people to have instant vocal, video, textual and graphic communication. Consequently, conducting international business has also been made easier because of the instant global communication in various forms. . Changes in Patterns of Mass Migration With the movement of millions of people across national borders, contacts with people from different cultures have now become a normal part of day-to-day life. This has made businesses to strive in attempts to adapt to the cultural diversity including advertising to communities using their respective row. Such efforts enable businesses to communicate effectively to their customers from different cultural backgrounds. 4. Globalization of the World EconomyThis is the major development in intercultural communication that has resulted in the revolutionary shift in business practice since international bus inesses have become a vital economic thrust for many nations. This development has been brought by the fact that intercultural communication serves as a platform for conducting international business through international communication. The globalization of the worlds economy has challenged business people to become more internationally aware and inter-culturally adept. Revolutionary shift in business practice is also evident in the fact that globalization has promoted mobility and made the abor market more challenging (Espinar, 2010). However, working in an international group and interacting with business partners or customers from different cultural backgrounds has brought challenges and the need for new attitudes and skills. For international businesses to gain competitive advantage, there is need for conscious efforts in acquiring new skills to communicate successfully in a global context (Introduction, n. d. ). Furthermore, the global business environment requires a broad tr aining on intercultural communication because of the cultural diversity and increasing globalization. Cultural Diversity ManagementSince the need for communication is a innate principle in the success of any business, anxiety of cultural diversity is crucial. This is because intercultural communication may pass difficult impediments that c over the whole communication spectrum. These intercultural barriers and conflicts that characterize todays workplace basically imply verbal and non-verbal communication factors which have a huge impact on communication with people of other cultures. The major intercultural barriers and conflicts include ethnocentricity, jargon and slang, stereotypes, marrow contact, time and personal space.Ethnocentricity is basically considered as the assumption that other cultures speak the same language with a persons culture. This has resulted in businesses conducting their transactions on their language and contributed to the failure of these businesses in foreign markets. While every culture develops unique sets of jargons and slang and use them in their business ventures, people from other cultures do not understand their meanings resulting in intercultural communication barriers. Various cultures have distinct approaches to personal space and a lack of cultural understanding may make accepted people uncomfortable (Evans, n. . ). Stereotypes and assumptions across cultures have distinct meanings which significantly impact effective intercultural communication. Understanding cultural norms concerning eye contact and time is essential in effective intercultural business communication. This is due to the diverging approaches to eye contact and time across various cultures. Throughout the history of focus of cultural diversity in businesses, there have been significant changes in which has led to the adoption of new business practices in treatment intercultural communication barriers and conflicts.From a historical perspective, add ressing these barriers and conflicts was based on the predominantly indigenous and homogenous workforce. Intercultural business communication was minimal because of the nature of the business environment that wasnt culturally diverse. The general cultural diversity trouble was real through anti-discrimination, equality legislation, workplace ethics and approbatory action. The management mainly relied on affirmative action and equality policies to handle the intercultural barriers and conflicts in the workplace.This business practice and approach by the management developed in the United States and was intended to conquer the dominance of white males in the business and workplace environment. Generally, there was no strategical approach of addressing intercultural communication barriers and conflicts. Management practices in the handling of intercultural communication barriers and conflicts have changed over time because of the worlds increasing globalization. Given that people a re no longer in an insular marketplace and have become part of the global economy, there is need for interacting with people of divergent cultures.Consequently, management of and importance of workplace diversity has become a fundamental issue for management today (Green et al, n. d. ). One of the major changes in diversity management is the development of the necessary managerial skills to supervise a multicultural work environment. These managerial skills basically involve training on multicultural differences within the organization in order to treat business associates, colleagues, partners and customers with dignity.The current approach in handling intercultural communication obstacles and intercultural conflicts are not confined to compliance driven or rights-based practices. While equality and other diversity management legislations are integral in the process, the current practices involve a holistic approach. This holistic approach is for the strategic use of the diversity of people in the business environment to achieve business and organizational incentives. preferably of focusing on making the individuals fit to institutional values, the holistic approach focuses on valuing the individual.As a result, the management and business objectives are connected since the approach capitalizes on drawing potential from individuals diversity. Conclusion Intercultural business communication is essential to todays business environment because of the diverse workforce which is a reflection of the changing marketplace and world. While a culturally diverse workforce adds greater value to organizations and businesses, it also brings some(prenominal) challenges and conflicts that need to be addressed. Therefore, its important for managers to possess necessary skills in handling these challenges to communicate effectively.References Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication. (n. d. ). Learning Chapters, from www. cflo. edu. cn/jiaocai/109/147/992075/. doc Chen, J. (2007, August 7). International Business Communication, from http//ccomm. bravehost. com/Report1. html Espinar, A. L. (2010). The Use of ICT In The Development of Intercultural Business Communication, from http//www. pixel-online. net/ICT4LL2010/common/download/Proceedings_pdf/LBV06-Larrea_Espinar. pdf Evans, K. (n. d. ). Six Barriers to Intercultural Communication, from http//www. how. com/list_6303080_six-barriers-intercultural-communication. html Green et al (n. d. ). Diversity in the Workplace Benefits, Challenges and the Required Managerial Tools, from http//edis. ifas. ufl. edu/hr022 Introduction. (n. d. ). Research on Contemporary Diplomacy, from DiploFoundation Education website http//www. diplomacy. edu/language/communication/main. htm Shively, M. (2010, borderland 29). Intercultural Business Taboos What to Avoid, from http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/2819950/intercultural_business_taboos_what. html

Personality psychology Essay

In this essay I result aim to launch an beneathstanding of Jungs Personality Types by describing and evaluating his possibility and show how they might be useful in succoring me to determine therapeutic designs. I willing as well look at some of the reproach levelled at Jungs theory,I look at this allows the therapist,ie myself to better understand the positive from the negative. I am also of the belief that detailing Jungs early years and background play am important role in the overall evaluation. I have particular interest in when Jung met Freud and how this meeting of minds shaped or perchance agitated their various(prenominal) conclusions.I will cover this later in my essay. Carl Gustav Jung was born July 26, 1875, in the small Swiss village of Kessewil. His father was Paul Jung, a country parson, and his m separate was Emilie Preiswerk Jung. He was surrounded by a fairly well educated extended family, including quite a few clergymen and some eccentrics as well. By the age of just six years old Jung started to learn Latin which started an interest in lecture and literature, especially ancient literature. Jung read several ancient languages including Sanskrit the original Holy Hindu language book.Jung was a far-flung y come to the foreh whilst growing up who did not enjoy his schooling years and was not competitive. Jungs later education was in Basel, Switzerland where he attended boarding school where he found himself the nub of jealous pestering. Carl Jung began to use sickness as an excuse, developing an embarrassing tendency to faint under pressure. Carl Jungs first career choice was archaeology Jung went on to study medicine at the University of Basel. Whilst working under the well-knget neurologist Krafft-Ebing, he established himself on psychiatry as his career.After graduating, he took a place at the Burghoeltzli Mental Hospital in Zurich under Eugene Bleuler, an expert on schizophrenia. In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach. He a lso taught classes at the University of Zurich, had a private practice, and invented word association at this sequence. (internet search) In 1907 Jung met Freud. Freud would be seduced by the esteem and some peerlessality of Jung and would soon see in him the spiritual son that could guarantee the natural selection of psychoanalysis. The unwillingness of Jung towards the Freudian Theory referred to the role of sexuality in the psychic development.In fact Jung on no occasion completely embraced the sexual theory of Freud. From 1912 onwards Jung found himself more and more distant from Freuds writings. By abandoning the winding and indirect of Psycho-sexuality, Jung would launch himself in the fields of spirituality and science which was mute by only an initiated few. Jungs inner world became something for him to study and develop his theories on and during this time Jung evolved the goal of his psychology of individuation, which is the achievement of the self and other orchestra te marks, such as the archetypes, the collective unconscious.Jungs theory stresses the importance of instinct our personal unconsciousness (events, feeling, conduct patterns that we have buried in our subconscious from our cause direct past) and the collective unconscious (patterns, lines, traits, behaviours that all humans have no matter what background or culture have running through our lives). Whereas Freud believed the unconscious was hold in by the human mind. Jung in the other hand believed the unconscious mind was where the conscious mind had its origins and where our psyche begins or is created from. Balance was the key for Jung, which he believed the balancing of the twosides is what drives us humans towards or away from goals. The foundation of the mind that consisted of the EGO (who we hypothesise we are) the SHADOW (the part of us that we deny or do not acknowledge) was developed by Jung. He continued to believe our mind was constantly developing or moving towards our true self (individuation) and this expedition was fuelled by natural laws, the principles of opposites, that e genuinely aspect of our mind has an opposite force.The principle of equivalence that equal amounts of efficiency are given to both sides, and the principle of entropy, that everything natural winds down as energy isevenly distributed, finally with the debate side blending together creating a harmony. Jung believed that our minds voyage followed a iterate in the rites of passage for birth, marriage and death, mirrored throughout all cultures and packs.Jung believed that this drive to move towards a accede if harmony or individuation, was fundamentally important to us all. Jung spent a good deal of time and energy on the importance of dreams and getting to understand what their meanings meant to each individual. Jung believed that by catch the imageries within our dreams wewould avail a better knowledge of ourselves. He indicated that dreams should not be interpr eted too accurately, but considered for decision personal meanings in the imaginary or symbolism. Jung also recognised and identified two opposites of character1. introversion 2. EXTROVERSION Introversion when psychic energy is turned inwards towards our inner world. These people tend to be thoughtful people with reserved natures, preferring their own company and evading large groups, they whitethorn be cautious and uncertain, disliking change or new things, they may seemdefensive and they like privacy and personal space and drop a lot of time in contemplation. Extreme forms of introversion have similar qualities to autism and some forms of schizophrenia.extraversion is when the movement of energy is turned outwards towards the outside world. An extroverted person would show interest in the outside world, they will be objective and frank with helpful and easy-going personalities, they like action and people nearly them, extreme versions of extroverts would be hopeless alone and not able to bear silence or solitude, bespeaking uninterrupted excitement and externalinspiration to prevent boredom or unhappiness. Jung also identified four distinct functions (attitudes) of the mindTHINKING when a person connects to the world via reason and intelligence. These types will have thinking searching minds, always questioning. They will be good at judging things able to see the origin and results, and will reach logical decisions. They may be open and appear cool and detached emotionally, and will be good at adjusting to new situations. FEELING when a person makes worth decisions about the world base on how they feel about something, putting ideas, points, and issues inorder based on how they assess them and not on emotional feelings.Feeling people have a sturdy sense of traditional value and human connection is signifi bunst to them as they tend to be warm and creative. SENSATION when a person relies sensory impressions perceptions. These people rely on senso ry impressions, how certain things appear, feel and sound. They tend to be mentally and emotionally stable people, taking things at face value, they potentiometer be seen as dull and wearisome which often be easy going and fun, with a calm nature.INTUITION when the world is understood or interpreted in a particularway mainly through the unconscious when people come up to of having a hunch, gut feeling or instinct about something, this type of person is conscious of changes. Possibilities can appear distracted or ungrounded they will get bored of uninterested or boring elaborate which are often not practical.They can be creative and inspirational. Jung believed that a person is essentially an invaginate or an extrovert and this remains equally fixed, however, an individual will rely mainly on surgical process using one of these four modalities but that opposing function also had an impression on their relationships and behaviour and thesefunctions may adjust throughout life.e combined two attributes and the four functions to eight different psychological types. Jung understood that most people are a blend of two or more types, and that understanding how your own temper type and that of people around you related to the world would offer a deeper understanding of yourself. For example obstetrical delivery you closer to individuation. Jung trusts that we understand and recognised the strengths and weaknesses of our mind that we would improve and achieve balance.The functions and attitudes are also not fixed with one side of the pairleading, the other fetchs unconscious. Jung believed that the unconscious part then finds a way of expressing its hidden self. A persons conscious orientation will be towards one of the four functions the leading or principle function this will decide how you respond to experiences.1. The dominant or principle function this will determine how you react to experiences. 2. Auxiliary functions mainly conscious. 3. The opposit e auxiliary suppressed and partially unconscious. 4. Remaining generally unconscious Jung believed when the conscious function was solid there was a trendfor the opposing function to break through into the conscious occasionally in the form of hysteria, phobias and obsessions.He believed in order to achieve balance one must work with the repressed function in therapy which in this case has echoed Freuds theory on repressed feelings and emotions surfacing unconsciously. These combinations of psychological types, Jung formulated into eight types, combine the two attitudes with the four functions Extroverted and Introverted 1.Thinking Type, 2. Feeling Type, 3. Sensation Type, 4. Intuitive Type The higher up generalisation was Jungs way of providing a organise in orderto begin and to understand individuals behaviours and feelings. Although these types are still current they form the basis of personality or psychometric exam (Myers-Briggs) which is still in use today.I believe the s ignificance of this information is that it is an opening point from which to get wind and explore our own or clients mind using a structure. Jung maintains that psychological types are mostly unlearned and not acquired through lifes experiences. I concur with this belief, However, Jung recognised that personality types were influenced as a child advances through life by factors such as fosters and the amount ofinfluence each parent has over a child, and social factors such as school, peer groups surroundings.Jung also believed problems (mental ill health) arose when external influences force children into a pattern that goes against the natural energy flow of a persons mind or psychological type. As with Freud, most of the theories of early pioneers are quite impossible to prove or foot race due to no scientific way of measuring them. Also the amount of patients used was in very small numbers and little practical work was done. Jungs work has given foundations to many sophisti catedpsychologies including theories to develop and explore further and deeper, including words that have been accepted by the modern language. For example * caput * Extrovert * Introvert.* Archetype These are parallels with other great psychologies Freud, as I already mentioned and discussed, and the work of Hans Eysenck a more modern theorist. Eysenck was the first psychologist to make this trait or temperament business into something more numeric he gave long lists of adjectives to hundreds of thousands of people and used a special statistics called factor analysis to figure out what factors trait dimensionscarry the most weight. He took results of this work and created a test called the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) instead of fashioning these traits either-or, like Jung did, he saw them as dimensions. His first trait dimension was, like Jung, extraversion-introversion.But preferably than say you were one or the other (an I or an E), he provided you a score on ext raversion-introversion. Eysenck based his theories on Galen, an ancient Greek theory which was created around two thousand BC. It is one of the oldest personality theories around. Eysenck added on the two basic dimensions oftemperament (like Jung) and these were based on four types (unscientifically based on the types of fluids he believed were washing around the individuals body) a sanguine type, cheerful, optimistic and easy to be with, choleric, quick, hot tempered and aggressive.A phlegmatic type temperament, slow people who had a tendency to be sad, depressed and have a negative view of the world. Much simpler and much less sophisticated than Jungs theory Eysenck expands this into three dimensions of personality 1. Introversion extroversion 2. Neuroticism emotional 3. Stability and psychoticismWith five further subdivisions 1. extroversion 2. agreeableness 3. conscientiousness 4. neuroticism 5. openness The theme of four (opposing) forces repeats throughout cultures and acro ss time, North, South, East and West, Earth, Fire, Wind and Air.In religion(used my own as my example ) we see recurrences of types, for example The Father The Son The Holy Ghost or the pure Mother The Crone Archetypal images we can recognise and begin to understand. These theories have a degree of objectivity, whilst they may give different labels to the personality types there does seem to be agreement thatyou begin to understand individuals if you can assess basic similar categories or repeating personality traits.Like Jungs theory, and the teachings in the parole (parables) perhaps these theories have value as a way of forming a framework for us to train question, and discovering more of ourselves. CONCLUSION Jung believed each personality type or psyche was influenced by another, it is logical to contract that in all human relationships, mainly within an analyst/patient relationship, the analyst may incite the patient so a subjective conclusion or true individuation may no t beachievable.I feel it is important to recognise as Jung did that these types are not fixed and that a persons personality or psyche changes throughout life and that energy flows and fluctuates between the opposing sides of our psyche so we understand that a person does not fit neatly into one of the boxes. Jung created this structure or framework to help work towards understanding of our own psyches and how better to relate to the world and people around us. Understanding how a person or patient feels, reacts and relates is obviously the first step to the first base to help them.Being able to plan a patients healing journey will be more effectively tailored to them if we have a good understanding of why they think or feel the way they do and help them to understand this too. Jung believed that in order to heal, people need to learn to listen to messages from the unconscious mind, to follow their own path and think independently, and that in order to become a competent analyst yo u must first understand yourself in order to efficiently help a client and to determine therapeutic goals,This is an ongoing journey of self discovery which this course is bringing outin me.BIBLIOGRAPHY Chrysalis Diploma in psychotherapeutic counselling year two Module deuce-ace Carl Jung Resources, 2014 http//www. carl-jung. net/ What Freud really said David Stafford-Clark WWW. Philosophy. lander. edu (Internet research) Wikipedia (Internet) Carl Jung Dr. C. George Boeree http//worldtracker. org/media/library/Psychology/Boere Hans Eysenck Dr. C. George Boeree http//worldtracker. org/media/library/Psychology/Boere Introducing Jung a graphic guide Maggie Hyde & Michael McGuinness Personality Types Jungs Model of Typology Darl Sharp.