tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77723162657202705722024-03-13T10:23:13.719-07:00Hardvard referencingLeonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.comBlogger247125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-88785946333235770582020-09-02T06:15:00.001-07:002020-09-02T06:15:12.735-07:00Youth Violence And The Mass Media Essay Example For StudentsYouth Violence And The Mass Media Essay Presentation The difficult I am investigating is the desensitizing of Americas youth through viciousness in the broad communications, explicitly TV and computer games. I am keen on contemplating it in light of the fact that as brutality on TV and the savage substance contained in computer games has expanded, so has youth savagery. I need to discover if the expanding viciousness appeared on TV and computer games desensitizingly affects Americas youth, accordingly, expanding the likelihood that they will submit a demonstration of savagery. I accept that this examination is significant in light of the fact that I think savagery on TV and computer games is a type of old style molding. In the film, A Clockwork Orange, the character was given negative support at whatever point he sees demonstrations of viciousness appeared to him on TV. In the end, he becomes rebuffed by it and feels sick each time he sees or considers submitting a demonstration of viciousness. I think TV and brutal games are reversy affecting Americas youth. Viciousness is celebrated in the broad communications, in this manner youth become to connect slaughtering with diversion, they consider brutality to be the masculine activity, and they perceive how savagery on TV frequently goes unpunished. I feel this is a reason for youth savagery as a result of the desensitizing idea of viciousness on TV. One examination demonstrated that system programming midpoints 36.6 savage acts every hour. Is there any inquiry this would desensitizingly affect Americas youth after some time? Writing Review I took a gander at five different examinations that were identified with my exploration. The first was from an article from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology entitled Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life by Craig Anderson and Karen Dill. In the article, the impacts of rough computer games on young people were contemplated. What was found was that genuine savage computer game play was decidedly identified with expanded forceful conduct and wrongdoing. Additionally, scholastic accomplishment was adversely identified with the general measure of time spent messing around. This examination included two unique types of perception. The transient impacts (research center hostility) of the computer games was considered utilizing lab perception, while the drawn out impacts (expanded wrongdoing) were examined utilizing overviews. Another investigation I took a gander at was an article from the Sociological Spectrum entitled Violence, Morality, and Television Commercials by Brenden Maguire, Diane Sandage, and Georgie Ann Weatherby. This examination inspected whether savagery in TV ads was identified with declining ethical quality and increasing wrongdoing among young people. A substance investigation was performed of 1699 ads appeared more than sixteen days and nights in January and February of 1996 and June and July in 1997. What was discovered that lone a little level of advertisements contained brutality and few plugs displayed conduct or perspectives in spite of customary good gauges. Maguire et al inferred that in spite of the fact that publicists support programs that highlight savagery, they don't wish to connect viciousness with their items. In this manner, ads have little to impact on the expanding forceful propensities of Americas youth. The third article I contemplated was from the diary, Aggression and Violent Behavior 4, entitled Film Violence and Young Offenders by Amanda Pennell and Kevin Browne. In this article, Pennell and Browne found that screen brutality can influence purchaser conduct by: impersonation of savage jobs and forceful acts; activating of forceful motivations in inclined people; desensitizing sentiments of compassion towards casualties; making apathy towards utilization of savagery; and making a mood that considers vicious to be as socially adequate reactions to stress and dissatisfaction. Pennell and Browne discovered youthful guilty parties like brutal recordings as a result of their forceful foundations and social propensities, however reasoned that whether such preferences for film fortify fierce conduct and expanding recurrence of forceful acts is easy to refute. The philosophy utilized in this examination was research facility perception, with every adolescent being indicated a savage vide o and their quick response just as their impression of the video late being noted. The fourth article I utilized was entitled Cutting Film Violence: Effects on Perceptions, Enjoyment, and Arousal by Mike Berry, Tim Gray, and Ed Donnerstein. .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .postImageUrl , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:hover , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:visited , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:active { border:0!important; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:active , .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833 633 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ubb3e22c3af47a28cc896ac9e6b833633:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Watergate Essay This article was taken from the Journal of Social Psychology. This examination researched the impacts of cutting explicit realistic scenes . Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-75843555160897306582020-08-22T14:44:00.001-07:002020-08-22T14:44:30.769-07:00Eusmilus - Facts and FiguresEusmilus - Facts and Figures Name: Eusmilus (Greek for early saber); articulated you-SMILE-us Natural surroundings: Fields of North America and western Europe Verifiable Epoch: Early Oligocene (30 million years prior) Size and Weight: Around six feet in length and 200-300 pounds Diet: Meat Recognizing Characteristics: Six-inch-long canines; frail jaw muscles About Eusmilus Despite the fact that its actually named a bogus saber-toothed feline, Eusmilus had genuinely tremendous canines for its size, which at six inches or so were nearly as long as its whole skull (when they werent being used, this feline kept its huge teeth comfortable and warm in extraordinarily adjusted pockets on its lower jaw, a characteristic it imparted to the remotely related Thylacosmilus). Be that as it may, Eusmilus additionally had nearly feeble jaw muscleswith its tremendous canines, it didnt need to dispense an amazing biteand it was unusually ailing in strengthening teeth, brandishing a generally negligible two dozen or somewhere in the vicinity. What this demonstrates is that Eusmilus chased in customary saber-tooth style, lying in hold up in the low parts of trees, hopping and diving its deadly canines into clueless prey, and afterward lingering its time as its supper seeped to death. In fact, Eusmilus is delegated a nimravid feline, which means it was firmly identified with the contemporary Nimravuswith which it sought prey in early Oligocene Europe and North America, alongside yet a third nimravid, Hoplophoneus. In the event that youre considering how these large toothed felines could have pursued for megafauna warm blooded creatures without getting in every others way, the truth of the matter is that they didnt: one Nimravus skull bears tooth denotes that precisely coordinate the size and state of Eusmilus canines (in any case, this specific individual recuperated from its injuries and lived to chase one more day). We even have proof for savagery, or possibly intra-species battle, among saber-toothed felines: another recognized Nimravus skull is installed with the canines of an individual pack part! Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-46571506062378808762020-08-21T12:26:00.001-07:002020-08-21T12:26:31.852-07:00Photosynthesis Formal Lab Report EssaysPhotosynthesis Formal Lab Report Essays Photosynthesis Formal Lab Report Paper Photosynthesis Formal Lab Report Paper This caught vitality is utilized to change over carbon dioxide into complex vitality rich atoms that can be utilized without anyone else or different life forms. Photosynthesis is the transformation of light vitality to substance vitality as sugar and other natural particles. (Russell, Wolfe, Hertz, Starr, 2010). Photosynthesis can be sorted into two fundamental procedures: light-subordinate responses and light-free responses. With the end goal of this lab, light-subordinate responses will be explored. The reactants associated with photosynthesis incorporate carbon dioxide, water and daylight to deliver glucose, oxygen, and water. The light responses include the catch and utilization of light vitality by color atoms to incorporate NADIA and AT P. Plants utilize this light vitality to deliver glucose from carbon dioxide. The glucose is put away predominantly as starch granules, in the chloroplasts of cells. Glucose as starch is non-polar and isn't solvent in water, permitting it to be put away substantially more minimalistically. The chloroplast is framed from an external film, an internal layer, and a moderate compartment. The fluid condition inside the inward film is known as the stoma. Inside the stoma is the ayatollahs, which are smoothed, shut sacs. It is in these sacs that the particular particles required to complete the light responses of photosynthesis are contained, including the shades, electron move bearers, and the TAP combinations compounds for TAP creation. A color can retain photons of light and vary by the frequencies of light they can ingest. The measure of vitality in a photon is conversely identified with its frequency. Blue light has a shorter frequency and comprises of photons that have higher vitality than the more extended frequency red light. At the point when photons of light hit an article, they can be reflected off the item, transmitted through the item or consumed by the article. The retention of light by a shade brings about electrons getting energized and moving to a higher vitality state. Shading is controlled by the frequencies that it can't ingest, in this manner chlorophyll is green since it doesn't assimilate green light. In the event that a shade retains all frequencies of obvious light, the article seems dark. A huge assortment of colors can be found in plants. The most well-known are chlorophyll an and b and carotids, situated in he chloroplasts of cells, and anticyclones, situated in the cell vacuoles and don't add to photosynthesis. Every one of these colors has various properties and performs various capacities for the plant, remembering retaining light for various pieces of the range. The more light retained equivalents the more vitality accessible for a plant. The shade particles that can be found in plants are explicitly organized in and around photometers that are implanted in the ethylated layers of chloroplasts. Each contains a response place encompassed by a recieving wire complex. Light from the sun goes into the holocaust and experiences the reception apparatus color. The vitality caught by the recieving wire complex is piped to the response place, called IPPP, where it is utilized to oxidize a chlorophyll atom and give an electron to an essential acceptor particle to proceed into carbon obsession to at last discharge glucose sugar (Oracle Thinkers, 2010). The response communities are named after the frequency (in manometers) of their red-top ingestion most extreme. Most plant parts, particularly leaves, contain a mix of the three fundamental shades, regardless of whether just one is particularly self-evident. It is conceivable to isolate these fragments from one another utilizing a procedure called paper chromatography. In this procedure, plant tissue separate is applied to a bit of chromatography paper. A dissolvable is permitted to go up the paper, and if the color is solvent in the dissolvable, it will be conveyed alongside it. (Benny, 2009) Different shades have various affinities for the solvents or extremity and will go at various rates. Chlorophyll, anticyclones, and carotids are regularly non-polar. For lab 12, it is theorized that chlorophyll an and b are available in a plant leaf and add to the starch creation in photosynthesis. Additionally, results of photosynthesis will be available in leaf tissue presented to red and blu e light frequencies for a few days, however a diminished nearness in leaf tissue presented to green and dark light frequencies. In lab 13, it is normal that since chlorophyll an and b are more polar and littler atoms than the anticyclones and carotids, they will travel higher up the chromatography paper than different shades. Materials and Methods Lab 12 In the initial segment of this research center analysis, a multi-shaded leaf was expelled from a Coleus plant that was in direct daylight for a few hours. The speculated outcomes for which colors were available and the aftereffects of a slaughter starch test were then recorded. A bubbling liquor shower was set up, which comprised of an IL measuring glass containing shopping center of water on a hot plate, and a shopping center recepticle containing shopping center of 80% ethyl liquor embedded into the bigger water container. The water was brought to a moderate bubble and the leaf was set into the bubbling liquor arrangement so as to extricate the colors. At the point when the leaf turned out to be practically white, the leaf was expelled, set into a Petri dish, and secured with refined water. KAKI arrangement was added to the refined water until a pale golden lour was acquired. The leaf created a purple-dark shading in certain zones which show a positive test for starch. In the second piece of the lab, some portion of a leaf was taken from a germanium plant that had been secured for a few days with various shading channels: blue, green, red, and dark. So as to separate between the leaves taken from various channels, the dark channel leaf had one score taken from leaf, the green had 2 indents, the red had 3 scores, and the blue had 4 indents. The leaves were then spot into the liquor shower that was utilized in the primary test. At the point when the leaves turned out to be for the most part white, they were evacuated utilizing forceps, put into a Petri dish, and washed and secured with refined water. Execute was added to the refined water until a golden shading was accomplished. The perception of the response of the leaves with the kill following 5 minutes was then recorded. See informative supplement for unique lab report. Lab 13 In this research facility explore, bits of spinach leaves were pounded in a mortar and pestle so as to remove the plants shades. These colors were moved to a bit of chromatography paper with a stamped pencil line CM room the base by methods for a hairlike cylinder. The chlorophyll shade was permitted to dry and was re-applied multiple times, drying between every application. The chromatography paper folded and stapled and was put into a container containing an oil ether and CH3)2CO dissolvable. The chromatography was permitted to continue until the dissolvable came to about CM from the top. The paper was expelled and analyzed for partitions of shades. See informative supplement for unique lab report. The control for the general trial was the first leaf taken from the Coleus plant in lab 12, both when the 121<1 arrangement was included. The leaf before the murder is utilized as a kind of perspective to the ones that were left under channels since it contained distinctive shading and it was developed under ordinary light. After the KAKI arrangement was included, the outcomes from the first leaf were contrasted with the sifted leaves. In the event that the shade of the channel light affected the photosynthesis occurring there, a correlation with the hued leafs hued spots could affirm this. The negative control was the dark channel leaf on the grounds that no light would be sifted through, demonstrating an enormous abatement in photosynthesis. An introduction that ought to have been added to lab 12 section A will be a completely green leaf ought to have been utilized first, and afterward a shaded one, so as to see the positive starch color change. A control that ought to have been added to lab 12 section B is a leaf ought to have been taken from the plant that didn't have a channel covering it. Results and Observations Colors and Pigments Present in a Coleus Leaf Color Pigmentations present (anticipated) + or Geographically an and b ++ Purple Anticipations Pink Anticipations White No shades present Green/Purple Chlorophyll an and b ++ Starch present (real) + or Coleus leaf before slaughter clamors leaf after murder test Geranium Leaves Filter Color Before KAKI test After execute test Black Green Red Blue Chromatography Paper The table of the coleus leafs shades shows the shades contained inside certain hued territories of the leaf that were anticipated before the 121<1 test. Close to is the real shades contained in the leaf after the 12Kl test was performed. Chlorophylls an and b were anticipated and discovered positive for starch in the green shaded zones of the plant leaf, just as in the purple/green region. Anticyclones were anticipated and discovered negative for starch nearness n the purple and pink hued areas of the leaf. White parts contained no shades. The hued channel plant leaves indicated various outcomes with the murder test. The blue and red channel leaves indicated purple and purple/dark change, a positive for starch increment, the green channel plant had a slight abatement in starch present, and the dark channel didn't let any light through, demonstrating a huge decline in starch creation. The chromatography paper shows the isolated groups of colors that were detached from the spinach leaves. The higher a band is, the more polar the color. Carotene shade is yellow and that is the most noteworthy band that we see. Conversation In the Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-90140046815924193922020-05-26T19:09:00.001-07:002020-05-26T19:09:03.755-07:00SAT Essay Samples - How to Choose Good SAT Essay SamplesSAT Essay Samples - How to Choose Good SAT Essay SamplesA SAT essay sample is often quite useful in the evaluation of a student's ability to write about any topic. That is why it is important to find the appropriate and adequate one when writing for the essay section of the SAT.A cat is not only a test of your knowledge of the English language, but also a test of your knowledge of the different subjects. Most students often get caught up in the SAT's personality test. This is why it is important to look for the right sat essay samples when writing for the test.The best way to do this is to understand that the SAT is a test of writing, not so much knowledge. You can benefit from a lot of information about essay topics that can be found online, but it is still up to you to decide what will be most suitable for your SAT essay. If you get too many free SAT essay samples, then they may not help you with the real SAT.On the other hand, if you are going to use the free ones, you will just b e wasting your time and effort. It is important to have a firm idea about how you will approach the SAT essay.Another aspect is to keep in mind that while you are using the essay sample, you will need to place your own attention on the quality of the article. The best way to do this is to focus on the way in which you use keywords.If you try to rush through and make it boring or too long, then the test will become easy for you. The essay sample should be focused on interesting and informative words, sentences and paragraphs, which will give the topic much more emphasis.So take your time and try to put yourself in the shoes of the reader while writing the SAT essay. It is important to remember that the SAT is a test of the way you write, not so much about the content of the article, so be careful to do that. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-42366325712524979542020-05-16T03:34:00.001-07:002020-05-16T03:34:10.410-07:00Sexual Orientation - 1220 Words Over the years sexual orientation has been an issue in our society. Many people are against homosexuality and bisexuality. Sexual orientation is generally one of three main categories, heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Heterosexual is someone who is attracted to members of the opposite sex. A homosexual is someone that is attracted to members of the same sex. And, a bisexual person is one that is attracted to members of both sexes. There are other categories of sexual orientation. Some people could be considered transgendered which is someone who feels they were put in the wrong body. But heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are the three main categories of sexual orientation. No one knows exactly why people are homosexual orâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦You canââ¬â¢t tell a personââ¬â¢s life story just by looking at them. You do not know the struggles they really face, and how they feel deep inside. So how can you tell a person what their sexual orientation should be? Religion and cultural views have a big impact on sexual views. Being brought up in a religious family makes it hard to be open about your sexual preference. For example, my cousinââ¬â¢s parents are Christian and were 100% against her being lesbian. They kicked her out and expected her to change her ways if she wanted to live back at home. What they didnââ¬â¢t understand was it wasnââ¬â¢t her choice. Growing up knowing youââ¬â¢re homosexual or bisexual is tough. Not many people are accepting in junior high or high school, students could be getting harassed or ostracized. Approximately 28% of gay and lesbian high school students in have dropped out of school because of harassment resulting from their sexual orientation. 80% of lesbians, gay and bisexual youth reported severe isolation problems. They experienced social isolation, emotional isolation and cognitive isolation. 26% of gays and lesbian youth are forced to leave home because of conflicts with their families over their sexual identities. Everyday people are going to counseling groups to try to work with their sexuality. They want to feel more satisfied with their lives, be able to deal with problems, improve their self-esteem, or enhance their relationship communication with friends andShow MoreRelatedSexual Orientation, Sexual, And Transgender Orientation957 Words à |à 4 Pagesobjects. First, Sexual orientation, sexual identity and gender identity are not the same things. (Carrington, 2015) Sexual Orientation refers to the choice that you like man, woman or both. When we talk about sexual identity, it refers to the biological sex of a person. It is how you see yourself physically. Gender identity is another way referring to the sex role and appearance socially. Secondly, People who have issue with one of these three things may become part of the sexual and gender minorityRead Moresexual orientation1753 Words à |à 8 PagesThis essay will look into sexual orientation. This essay will i dentify and define sexual orientation focusing on homosexuality. 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Homosexuals were not legally able to adopt a child at all until the forty year old ban was lifted July, 2015 by Governor Rick Scott (Associated Press). ââ¬Å"Prior to the lifting of the gay adoptionRead MoreThe Psychology Of Sexual Orientations934 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Psychology of Sexual Orientations Throughout the history of humans, people have been having sex. Itââ¬â¢s obviously necessary for the continuation of humans as a species. But it definitely hasnââ¬â¢t been for just reproductive purposes. People have been engaging in same-gender sex for probably as long as humans have been around. However, the terms we think of today when we think of different sexual orientations didnââ¬â¢t get coined until the 19th and 20th centuries. And with these terms came huge stigmaRead MoreThe Biological Of Sexual Orientation2473 Words à |à 10 PagesBiological Correlates of Sexual Orientation Prof. Brett Beston PSY354 University of Toronto at Mississauga Adla Begeta 998184539 Date submitted: Sunday, August 10, 2014 The topic of sexual orientation is both sensitive and controversial. This is evident in events, such as the Pride Parade, and also in media, where authoritative figures preach against it and speak of its ââ¬Å"sinful natureâ⬠(Emmanuele, Blanchard, Camperio-Ciani, Bancroft, 2010). Sexual orientation exists in variousRead MoreSexual Orientation Is The Dominant, Or Normal, Sexual, And Gender Orientation Essay2260 Words à |à 10 PagesIntroduction Sexual orientationism is best described as discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the dominant, or normal, sexual orientation. Within society there are many barriers, assumptions, and stigmas placed upon the queer community, numerous of which steam from this heterosexist stance that has become the dominant ideology. This stance has historical significance in trauma, and oppression of those within the sexual minority, and how this canRead MoreThe Concept Of Sexual Orientation1293 Words à |à 6 Pagesconcept of sexual orientation, especially as it is studied and presented in large, population-based and school-based adolescent survey literature. Specifically, the study examined methodology and instrumentation used for the assessment and measurement of youth sexual orientation present in refereed literature. Of the forty-eight empirical studies, five included items that assessed all three dimensions of sexual orientation. The majority of studies used surveys that exclusively assessed sexual orientation Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-52523344540547693792020-05-06T17:22:00.001-07:002020-05-06T17:22:10.704-07:00The Best President in American History Abraham Lincoln... What defines a great President and what do we mean when we say someone is ââ¬Å"the greatestâ⬠? Firstly a great President must be viewed as person who has achieved success in the office they hold. That includes effective implementation of policies which are clearly expressed prior to election and that are in the interests of the people who elected them. This is the very foundation of Democracy within the United States and was defined by Abraham Lincoln as ââ¬Å"government of the people, by the people, for the peopleâ⬠. Throughout his presidency Lincoln never wavered in adherence to the principles he firmly believed in though he adapted and changed policies in the face of changing circumstances and experience to obtain his goals. It can truly beâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This influenced him greatly and he could never remember a time when he did not think that slavery was wrong. However, he had no personal experience of slavery during his formative years and did not in fact come across the reality until much later. From an early age therefore, Lincoln showed his integrity and ability to see what was just and unjust without the need for personal experience. He showed a breadth of vision not seem by many of his educated peers. The total time he spent in what was regarded as school out in such a wilderness amounted to less than a year. But Abraham was unusual. He would go to any length to read newspapers and books, often walking miles just to borrow one. He repeated facts to himself out loud until they were fixed in his mind. He regarded himself as different from those around him and he was. He often wrote documents for his illiterate neighbors and repeated the ministerââ¬â¢s sermon humorously by standing on a tree stump, until he had his audience in fits of laughter. There appeared to be a driving ambition within him to be special, unique and to need attention and recognition. The early years of his life were harsh. The family moved several times due to disputes over ownership of their land and each time they moved and claimed new land they had to cut down the tress, build a new log cabin and work the land, being ever at the mercy of the seasons and constantly in the shadow of sickness, starvation and death. In 1819 he obtainedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words à |à 5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln is the greatest president ever because he did great things such as ending slavery, getting the us through the Civil War, and helped our country a lot. The American Civil War was a war between the Southern states and the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln was not very prepared for the war militarilyRead MoreMore Than Just A Five Dollar Bill1429 Words à |à 6 PagesJordan Ernst Mr. Wycislo American Government (1) Due December 19th, 2014 Government Term Paper More Than Just a Five Dollar Bill Compared to many other countries across the globe, The United States of America is defiantly one of the youngest nations. The nation is only 238 years old which is not a long time compared to other countries. Over the last 238 years a lot has happened in America. One thing that has not changed in the United States of America is the government. When people came overRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Has Been An Iconic Figure Of The United1538 Words à |à 7 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been an iconic figure of the United States. Abraham Lincoln is viewed as a political icon. He was an idealized and iconic figure in the American culture. His efforts to ends the slavery and bringing the United States to a completely new culture certainly made him a political icon. He is the only American President that is on the list when we talk about the iconic personalities. He has acquired a culturally significant stature in the American society. The movies have been madeRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln : Greatest President Of American History1516 Words à |à 7 PagesCadwallader History 201 5 October 2014 President Abraham Lincoln: Greatest President in American History President Lincoln said the following about the South in his Inaugural Address, In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.(Freidel and Sidey 2006) President AbrahamRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln, A Great Leader in American History781 Words à |à 4 PagesThroughout the history of the United States of America, many great people have directed toward success. The American nation has been honored with many of the greatest people in history, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison. Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most greatest president in US History. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12,1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky. He is known for his leadership and skills as president along with his pleasant personalityRead MoreAbraham Lincolns Path to Achieving Success680 Words à |à 3 PagesAbraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States, and led America through one of the biggest struggles our country has ever faced. Coming from a humble upbringing he didnââ¬â¢t quite have everything on a silver platter. That however did not stop him from achieving success. He took his gifts and talents given from God and made the best of them changing our life now, and for years to come. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 in a one room log cabin near Hodgenville, KentuckyRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter971 Words à |à 4 PagesAbraham Lincoln is an American President who hasnââ¬â¢t been overlooked in the decades following his death. His character still lives on today as he resonates through popular American culture. Many books and movies have been produced about his life to show the role he played in our history and the impact he had on our country. The most recent film, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, captivated audienceââ¬â¢s attention with a riveting tale about our sixteenth president hunting vampires. The film contains someRead MoreLeadership Skills And Qualities Of President Abraham Lincoln936 Words à |à 4 PagesThe President that was murdered because he forever freed the slaves in 1863 is how many people in today s society remember the sixteenth president of the United States of America. President Abraham Lincoln leadership qualiti es and accomplishments go far beyond that life altering proclamation. American educator Dr. Stephen Covey states, ââ¬Å"Always surround yourself with people who are even more talented and competent than youâ⬠This quote is relevant to the leadership skills and qualities of PresidentRead MoreEvolution Of Lincoln s Policy On Slavery Essay1573 Words à |à 7 PagesStates. Abraham Lincoln was the great man of his generation just as well as he is considered a great man in history today. He made a huge difference that impacts us greatly today still. He is one of the main reasons to why we do not have slavery around anymore, along with some help of other people back then that supported him. Even though, racism still exist today it is not as horrifying and sickening as to how it was before back in the 1800s. Considering the fact that Abraham Lincoln ended slaveryRead MoreComparing Barak Obamas Administration to Abraham Lincolns Essay741 Words à |à 3 Pagespeople may say one president was the best while another person may disagree. In my opinion out of all the presidents there is a man named Abraham Lincoln who i think was one of the greatest presidents of all time. One of are presidents in the present who i think does not do a very good job in office is president Barack Obama. There are a lot of reasons why i put these two in the catogories i did and i n my essay i am going to explain this reasoning behind my opinion. Abraham lincoln is in my opinion Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-27786734584889147272020-05-05T21:06:00.001-07:002020-05-05T21:06:29.359-07:00Case & Study Efficacy And Safety Of NicQb And Placebo. Question: Discuss about the Efficacy and Safety of NicQb and Placebo. Answer: Introduction: Clinical trials are one of the most effective ways of conducting a research that primarily aims exploring medical strategy and treatment for a specific illness of people. The major objectives of executing clinical trials are improving the health of patients, restrict them from the unexpected harms and provide them necessary benefits. In this particular research proposal, the researcher has decided to deal with the efficacy and safety of Nicotine-Qbeta Vaccine versus Placebo in the healthy smokers. With the help of Nicotine Qbeta vaccine, the smokers would be able to quit the habit of smoking. On the other hand, Placebo is a medicine that is mainly prescribed for the psychological benefits of the smokers. Placebo is devoid any kind of side effects. Therefore, the researcher has intended to conduct the research proposal in order to understand which particular method would be more fruitful for the betterment of the smokers. Background: It has been observed that CYT002-NicQb vaccine helps the smokers to leave the habit of smoking. After the vaccination, the smokers would not be able to generate antibodies that are directed against free nicotine (Kodgule, Vaidya and Salvi 2012). On the other hand, it has also been noticed that Placebo treatment has also spread its widespread wings by providing a mental benefit and facilities to the addicted smokers. As a result, this particular treatment has also received immense reputation in the realm of medical. With the help of this research proposal the researcher would come into a conclusion which procedure is better for the treatment of the smokers. Eligibility Criteria: The researcher would like to conduct the research work in order to fulfill several objectives. The objectives are as follows: To understand the effectiveness of nicotine-qbeta vaccine for the smokers To evaluate the clinical efficacy of NicQb To understand the safety factors after receiving the vaccinations Study design: The study of the research proposal would be designed randomly by implementing one dose of 100ug NicQb + Alum versus one dose Placebo. More than 50 patients under a clinic would be involved in this program. They would be kept on observation for seven days. After seven days, the researcher would like to receive an immediate feedback from the patients (Lobendanz 2012). With the help of various data collection procedure, the researcher would be able to collect data and information from both the patients and the doctors. Trial flowchart: Drug injection Pre observation 1st observation 2nd observation 3rd 3rd observation 4th observation 5th observation 6th observation 7th observation Collection of smoking diary * * * * * * * * Carbon Monoxide * * * HVB and HCV * Haematology * * * * Serum for the anti nicotine * * * Table 1: Trial Flowchart (Source: Montoya 2012) Randomization Random sampling technique would be used for this particular research proposal. Random sampling technique is otherwise known as probability sampling method. With the help of probability sampling technique, the researcher would choose the patients randomly from various clinical centers of US (Montoya 2012). The patients would provide their opinion how they would be benefited after using the vaccine of NicQb. At the same, time the users of Placebo treatment would also participate in the random sampling method technique. Study calendar Program Activities 1st Week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week 5th week 6th week 7th week 8th week 9th week Study Design v v Trial flowchart v Randomization v v Sample size v v Methodology v v Table 2: Study Calendar (Source: Ngkelo and Adcock 2013) Sample size Sample size includes the number observations within a specific sample. In this particular research proposal, the researcher would like to involve fifty patients for participating in the sampling technique. From these fifty patients the researcher would be able to collect necessary data and information about the efficacy of NicQb vs. Placebo. The patients would provide their opinion which particular treatment would be effective more for quitting the smoking habit of patients (Yin et al. 2012). Moreover, this particular research proposal would like to involve three doctors of clinics as well under the guidance of which patients are receiving their medicine as well as treatment. Methodology Research methodology is the systematic procedure for conducting the entire research with the help of appropriate research approach, design and philosophy. Data collection procedure is one of the most effective ways for accomplishing the research process successfully. Data collection method consists of two types including primary and secondary data. Survey, interview, group discussion, focus group are the procedures for collecting primary information. Secondary data can be gathered with the help of books, magazines, journals and so many. For this research proposal, the researcher would like to choose primary data collection technique (Saini 2013). Both the qualitative and the quantitative data collection technique would be used in this particular proposal. By using quantitative data, collection technique the researcher would like to conduct an effective survey by involving 51 patients under the treatment of NicQb and 51 people under the treatment of Placebo. Patients would provide their opinion about the necessary effects of these treatments. Conclusion The entire research proposal primarily deals with the efficacy and safety of NicQb and Placebo. With the help of clinical trials, the researcher would be able to design the proposed study. By using proper methodology and data collection procedure, the researcher would be able to collect the responses of the patients who are under treatment in order to come into a sound conclusion. Reference List: Kodgule, R., Vaidya, A. and Salvi, S., 2012. Newer Therapies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary. Lobendanz, M., 2012. 2.3 Nicht medikamentse Hilfsmittel.berarbeitung der Standards der Tabakentwhnung Update 2010 Konsensus der GP sterreichische Gesellschaft fr Pneumologie in Zusammenarbeit mit folgenden Gesellschaften und Institutionen, p.84. Montoya, I.D., 2012. Advances in the development of biologics to treat drug addictions and overdose.Adicciones,24(2). Ngkelo, A. and Adcock, I.M., 2013. New treatments for COPD.Current opinion in pharmacology,13(3), pp.362-369. Saini, B., 2013. New drugs for chronic obstructive respiratory disease... and a few more on the horizon.Australian Pharmacist,32(6), p.58. Yin, Z., Nguyen, H.G., Chowdhury, S., Bentley, P., Bruckman, M.A., Miermont, A., Gildersleeve, J.C., Wang, Q. and Huang, X., 2012. Tobacco mosaic virus as a new carrier for tumor associated carbohydrate antigens.Bioconjugate chemistry,23(8), pp.1694-1703. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-62614473236488452732020-04-15T17:47:00.001-07:002020-04-15T17:47:03.203-07:00Walt Disney Essays - Business, Economy, Anti-corporate Activism Walt Disney Consumers can play an important role in closing sweatshops, and they have a right to know what companies are using sweatshops to produce their product there are simple steps consumers can take to help fight against the use of sweatshops. Right now many famous companies are using sweatshops readily to save money. However, ironically, the companies that use them are the companies that can afford to spend the extra money for regular labor. Some of these name brand companies include; Nike, Disney, Kathie- Lee Gifford, Gap, Liz Claiborne, Ralph Lauren, and Wal-Mart. Many people have no idea that these companies are using sweatshops. Disney for example is a very well known company. No one would ever expect that their favorite childhood Disney memory could have been created through sweatshops and child labor. Disney is just one of the many well respected, loved companies with dark secrets. It is hard to believe as a consumer that a company that consumers have grown to trust and love uses such forced labor, with underaged sweatshop employees making consumers favorite characters come to life. Well, Peter and Rochelle Schweizer makes it clear that it could be a possibility: " The face of Disney the manufacturer is not a pretty one. All too often Disney clothes, toys, and trinkets are made by child laborers. Disney licensees have been caught using child labor on three continents" (245). Many other companies are practicing the same type of labor policies without consumers's knowledge. If companies feel that sweatshops are a decent and fair way of doing business and have no problems with continuing to use them, they should at least make these reasons public and confront their consumers's concerns. They should let their consumers know why they choose to conduct their business in this manner. Consumers would then have the real information on the product that they choose, and not only what the company wants them to Mueckler 2 know. Consumers would then be able to base their product choice on work place conditions as well as the over all product information. Some companies's use of sweatshops have been made public. Kathie-Lee Gifford's designer clothes company for example was widely evident in the news in 1996. Gifford was shocked when she heard of the sweatshop conditions her company was using. Since this Gifford has been involved in organizing the Apparel Industry Partnership with the U.S. Department of Labor. This organization tries to crack down on the use of child labor. This is one example of where the public influenced a company to change its policies. This gives hope that with consumer support other companies can be influenced in similar ways. Disney, however, has not been so noteworthy in their efforts. Disney licensees go out of their way to bring their company to countries such as Burma, where the practice of child labor is a normal everyday event, and they exploit this to create their product as cheaply as possible. Schweizer explains how remote the locations that Disney licensees use, " For years Disney licensees were manufacturing in a country few Americans could locate on a map. Burma- also known as Myanmar, the name given it by the ruling military junta- is a poverty - stricken nation wedged between India, China, and the lush mountains of Thailand." (251). This is an ideal location because so few people are aware of it. This makes it easy for the Disney licensees to continue their business without being detected. Another insight to Burma is that drug lords hold great power and are protected by the government. Disney licensees had to get the permission to have sweatshops in Burma from these drug lords. This shows how the drug lords are the ones with the power in Burma. First companies must win the respect of these drug lords before they are able to work there. " Burma's attraction as a manufacturing site is obvious: ultracheap labor." (252). Mueckler 3 When consumers and human rights groups along with labor organizations took action in 1996, they did get a response from Disney. The National Labor Committee and other organizations together made Disney's involvement in Burma public with the Free Burma Campaign. Disney denied these claims. They pretended they had no involvement in Burma. They knew how the negative public announcement would hurt the company, which is the major reason why companies hide the facts from the consumers. Schweizer explains that many other respectable companies have volunteered to monitor their working conditions, however, Disney is not one of them. This shows that Disney is aware that Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-5292502281734159232020-03-12T19:33:00.001-07:002020-03-12T19:33:02.641-07:00Free Essays on The Fish BishopThere comes a time in a personââ¬â¢s life when every question theyââ¬â¢ve had becomes answered. Everything confusing suddenly makes sense. The time can not be predicted, it just comes, like the wind. Unexpectedly, missing pieces, which caused confusion, take their place and become a clear, whole picture. Most people might say understanding occurs only in death, but some minor understandings before death occur also. An epiphany best describes the act of sudden understanding. Epiphanyââ¬â¢s are displayed in Elizabeth Bishopââ¬â¢s The Fish, as well in Ernest Hemingwayââ¬â¢s The Old Man and the Sea. The two pieces describe epiphanyââ¬â¢s dealing with natural order and how tradition keeps the order and life flowing. Ernest Hemingwayââ¬â¢s The Old Man and the Sea tells the tale of a weary fisherman, Santiago, who, after many years of trying, catches the largest fish of them all, a marlin. The fish no one else in town could dream of catching. A catch such as this one is worthy of gloating over, but Santiago did not. He waited his whole life to catch the marlin and once he did, it didnââ¬â¢t really seem as important anymore. The marlin served as a turning point for Santiago; one could wait their whole life for something and once they get it realize it is not as important as they thought. Santiago was thrilled of course that he caught the unbeatable marlin bare-handedly, but it was a personal triumph to him. He let the marlin go, so that maybe another could feel the glory he felt. Santiagoââ¬â¢s epiphany came when he realized catching the fish was for himself, not anyone else, and it didnââ¬â¢t really matter what everyone else thought. Elizabeth Bishopââ¬â¢s The Fish is practically identical to The Old Man and the Sea with the exception of the size scale of the fish. The Fisherman in The Fish also has a slightly different epiphany. The epiphany in The Fish occurred when the fisherman looked at the fish very closely. ââ¬Å"And then I saw/that from his lower lip/grim,... Free Essays on The Fish Bishop Free Essays on The Fish Bishop There comes a time in a personââ¬â¢s life when every question theyââ¬â¢ve had becomes answered. Everything confusing suddenly makes sense. The time can not be predicted, it just comes, like the wind. Unexpectedly, missing pieces, which caused confusion, take their place and become a clear, whole picture. Most people might say understanding occurs only in death, but some minor understandings before death occur also. An epiphany best describes the act of sudden understanding. Epiphanyââ¬â¢s are displayed in Elizabeth Bishopââ¬â¢s The Fish, as well in Ernest Hemingwayââ¬â¢s The Old Man and the Sea. The two pieces describe epiphanyââ¬â¢s dealing with natural order and how tradition keeps the order and life flowing. Ernest Hemingwayââ¬â¢s The Old Man and the Sea tells the tale of a weary fisherman, Santiago, who, after many years of trying, catches the largest fish of them all, a marlin. The fish no one else in town could dream of catching. A catch such as this one is worthy of gloating over, but Santiago did not. He waited his whole life to catch the marlin and once he did, it didnââ¬â¢t really seem as important anymore. The marlin served as a turning point for Santiago; one could wait their whole life for something and once they get it realize it is not as important as they thought. Santiago was thrilled of course that he caught the unbeatable marlin bare-handedly, but it was a personal triumph to him. He let the marlin go, so that maybe another could feel the glory he felt. Santiagoââ¬â¢s epiphany came when he realized catching the fish was for himself, not anyone else, and it didnââ¬â¢t really matter what everyone else thought. Elizabeth Bishopââ¬â¢s The Fish is practically identical to The Old Man and the Sea with the exception of the size scale of the fish. The Fisherman in The Fish also has a slightly different epiphany. The epiphany in The Fish occurred when the fisherman looked at the fish very closely. ââ¬Å"And then I saw/that from his lower lip/grim,... Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-4433605192665678562020-02-25T09:59:00.001-08:002020-02-25T09:59:03.253-08:00Definig Terrorrism and victims of terrorism EssayDefinig Terrorrism and victims of terrorism - Essay Example Resolution 1267 was passed in 1999 and related to sanctioning the Taliban. In 2000, the Swiss Federal Council implemented Resolution 1267 by passing the Taliban Ordinance. Resolution 1333 was passed by the UN Security Council in 2000 and expanded sanctions against the Taliban to include Al-Qaeda members. The expanded sanctions required the appointed UN Sanctions Committee to coordinate intelligence from states of any individual or party that might have connections with Al-Qaeda or its leader Osama bin Laden. In 2001, the Swiss government implemented Resolution 1333 and included a provision prohibiting entrance or transit via Switzerland of any person or party covered by the Resolution.3 In October 2001 the Swiss Federal Prosecutor commenced an investigation of Nada, an Egyptian and Italian national living in Switzerland.4 The following month in November 2001, Nada together with others linked to him were included on the list maintained by the Sanctions Committee and were listed by vir tue of the Swiss Taliban Ordinance. ... In November 2002, Nada was arrested and deployed to Italy and his funds were confiscated. In the meantime, Nadaââ¬â¢s border permit applicable to Switzerland was revoked.5 In March 2004, Nada applied to the Swiss immigration officials for permission to travel to Switzerland for medical care and to commence legal action but his application was denied. In May 2005, the Federal Prosecutor dropped the investigation of Nada on the grounds that the claims could not be substantiated. As a result, Nada requested that his name be removed from the list maintained by the Taliban Ordinance. However, the request was denied by the Federal Council on the grounds that since Nada remained listed by the UN Sanctions Committee, he could not be removed from the list maintained by Switzerland. Thus it was not until 2009 when Nada was removed from the Sanctions Committee list that his name was removed from the annex to the Taliban Ordinance. Nevertheless, Nada filed a complaint under Article 8 (protect ion of privacy and family life), Article 13 (entitlements to effective remedies) and Article 5 (security and liberty rights and a decision relative to detention without delay) of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 (ECHR).6 The ECtHR found that despite the fact that aliens were not guaranteed free access to foreign borders and that the threat of terrorism was particularly high when Nada was listed, there were vitiating circumstances and facts supporting Nadaââ¬â¢s claim that his right to privacy and access to family life under Article 8 had been violated. To begin with, Nada had been confined to an enclave in Switzerlandââ¬â¢s territory effectively cutting him off from contact with everyone else. Moreover, Nadaââ¬â¢s health and age would be taken into account in determining violation of Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-72545807119160736152020-02-09T02:46:00.001-08:002020-02-09T02:46:02.996-08:00Descriptive Statistics Memo Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsDescriptive Memo - Statistics Project Example The average number of students per faculty was 8.48. The average age was 28.36 years. The average local tuition was $ 12,374.92, and foreign tuition was $ 16,581.80. On an average, 28.08 percent of enrolments at schools were foreigners. 56 percent had taken the GMAT, and 32 percent had taken an English test. 76 percent of students had prior work experience. The average starting salary was $ 37,292. The results for scatter plot analyses have been illustrated in figures 1-4, and the results have been summarized in table 1. Student faculty ratio, work experience, or starting salary did not influence full time enrolment. Among all the variables, age had the strongest influence (41.38%) on full time enrolment. Descriptive statistics for full time enrolments, students per faculty ratio, local tuition, foreign tuition, age, percentage foreigners, GMAT takers, English test takers, work experience and starting salaries have been illustrated in table 2. The average foreign tuition was $ 4206.88 higher than the local tuition. The average starting salary for graduates of schools requiring work experience was $ 41305.26, while for schools without work experience was $ 24583.33. The average starting salary for graduates of schools requiring English test was $ 45088, while for schools without work experience was $ 33623.53. The distribution for GMAT has a kurtosis of -2.11 (spread out from the mean). Factors that a school should consider are tuition, student faculty ratio, admission tests and prior work experience. These factors would help attract more students, and increase the number of enrolments in the MBA program. The average student to faculty ratio in schools was 8.48 students per faculty. The average local tuition was $ 12,374.92, and foreign tuition was $ 16,581.80. Graduates with admission tests (GMAT and English) received higher starting salaries than those without. Also, graduates with prior work experience had higher Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-55545754537100346932020-01-30T03:43:00.001-08:002020-01-30T03:43:03.445-08:00Gender-role socilization Essay Example for Free Gender-role socilization Essay Gender socialization is the way society shapes our sexual attitudes and behavior through various mechanisms, it defines the roles that we as males or females in society are expected to play. According to Ann Oakley, who first introduced the terms, sex refers to the biological divisions into being male or female while gender reflects the parallel and socially unequal division into being feminine or masculine (Sex, Gender and Society 1972). Sex is therefore can be seen as the biological constructed aspect of differences between men and women. As oppose to sex, gender can be seen as the socially constructed knowledge, values and practices linked to sex based differences mostly by the process of socialization. The term gender has been extended since than and not only reflects the individual identity and personality but also, at the symbolic level, to cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. Gender roles are the societal expectations attached to being male and female. Through gender role socialization, a person is introduced and taught the behaviors expected to be played by them. The home often called gender factory by some sociologists, reproduces societys traditional gender roles through parental reinforcement (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 223). From birth to death, males and females are constructed to act according to societys mold of gender identity. Parents describe their newborns with adjectives pertaining to traditional gender roles. Newborn girls are described as tiny, soft, delicate, and fine-featured, while newborn boys are described as strong, alert, and well coordinate (223). Even during breast-feeding gender divides, males are treated rougher and given more milk while females are treated delicately and given less. This can best be illustrated by an experiment to show how gender stereotyping enters almost every part of an infant since the day he or she was born. The experiment better known as the Sussex experiment tried to unveil how people perceive the way an infant either a male a female should act. Infants dressed in blue were quickly thought to be male while infants dressed in pink were treated as female. Therefore gender stereotypes can be defined as one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women which are deployed inà every day life. Similarly, in the old days and even in some societies today, womens place was regarded to be in the home while men are expected to be the bread winner for the family. But there is no permanent and definite framework on how men and women should behave. Such definitions vary from one society to another. For example the study conducted by Margaret Mead in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In some of the tribes in which she had visited women were place in a higher status than men. They were regarded as the bread winner, hold important positions in the tribe and even made important decisions. Contradict to this, men were placed in lower positions and even played the role as housewives. The roles and behaviors expected to be played by both sexes also change over-time. For example, the roles played by women in ancient Greek and Roman were limited. Women were portrayed as submissive and inferior. They did not hold any important positions in society. Most of them only played the roles of mother and housewife. Women nowadays are more aggressive and in some areas are more dominant than men. Women during the Victorian era, were expected to be grace and beauty was signified by having small waist. They were forced to wear corset to get the shape considered to be beautiful. Sexuality is defined as the sexual feelings and drives as well as the sexual practices common to a society. There is some debate on whether sexuality is innate or learned. To answer this question sociologists have come out with four main approaches: psychobiological, psychoanalytic, learning and sociological. Sociobiology is the study of human behaviors on the basis that they are not learned instead determined by the biological aspects. In other words, human behaviors are innate. They believed that certain sexual behavior emerge through the process of evolution. These behaviors emerged and are maintained simply because they have been chosen through evolutionary means as the mostà advantageous features to maintain the survival of human being. Therefore sexual behaviors, whether they show feminity or masculinity are genetically programmed. Sociobiologys version of sexuality has been criticized for ignoring other factors that may contribute to the development sexual behavior such as surroundings, societys expectation, norms and culture. In psychoanalytic approach, human sexual behaviors are both determined biologically and culturally. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalytic approach asserted that human sexual behavior is determined by three factors, the id, the ego and the superego. The id exist after an infant is born shapes the characteristic of the baby before he or she came into interaction with the outside world. The ego is the next stage of human development. In this stage a person will come into contact with external forces and this will influence the direction, whether he or she will adopt a feminine or masculine behavior. As the superego develops, the person will learn the norm and values of society. He/she will discover what the society expected from him/her. By learning the expected ways of society, the moral conscience of the person will develop. He/she will be able to distinguish what the society perceived as right and wrong. Freud held that sexual experiences will influence adult sexual behavior and personality. A girl, raised among boys will develop a masculine-like behavior. Though it may change overtime, the sexual experiences faced by the girl will have a deep impact on his adult behavior and personality. Freud has been criticized for his over-emphasis view on biological factor as the determinant of ones sexual behavior. Though he did say that sexual behavior may be cause by the process of socialization, Freud personally agreed that the biological factors play a greater role in determining ones behavior than culture. He has also been criticized for only conducting most part of his experimentà using mentally disturbed patients. His views stem from therapies with these patients. He has also being criticized for being bias in his work. He made an implicit assumption that women are biologically inferior. The learning approaches have a different view on how sexuality is developed. According to the advocates of these approaches much of sexuality is innate that is based on the cultural aspects rather than biologically. These approaches went further by identifying the process of self-identification and imitation. These approaches portrayed individuals as a reactor to society, neglecting the fact that he or she may also be an actor who constantly makes decisions to change society. These approaches have been criticized for treating individuals like puppet on the string. Individuals have no choice to make decisions, everything has been set up for them by the society. Their actions must be in line with the social expectation or they will be punished. In contrast with the earlier approaches, the Symbolic Interactionism based their theory on the assumption that individuals as social actors make have their own opportunity to make decision. They have the choice on which path they want to take. According to symbolic interactionism, sexual behavior is the result of individuals constantly engaging in interaction and communication with others. We attach sexual meaning to behavior and ourselves by observing others and their reactions on certain stimuli and labels to our behavior. By interacting with each other, we learn to play specific roles and as the result of constantly involving in these roles we learn a series of scripts. These scripts help us to define sexual behavior. For example, the specific script for a woman and a doctor at a gynecological exam. The script or the roles played by the two social actors do not give any sexual meaning or sexual assault in situation in which the doctor has to check the woman breast and genitalia. Symbolic interactionism has been criticized for not being able to explain adequately spontaneous sexual behavior and sexual behavior that occurs in ambiguous situations. It has also failed to explain the situation in which two or more individuals with different sets of scripts engage and interact with each other. Differences in sexual scripts is often given as the reason for date rape where on person defines it as sexual and the other does not. Functionalism believed that the disruption is sexuality, on how male and female should behave will lead to society to fall apart and social stability unachieved. Therefore, through the norms, values, laws and beliefs sexual behavior is regulated. Functionalists study the effect of regulations on sexuality and its contribution in the maintenance of society. Functionalism has also been criticized for putting to much emphasis on the culturally aspects that determine social behavior and ignoring the fact that some sexual drives may be innate. Ann Oakley outlines how socialization in modern societies shapes the behavior of boys and girls from an early age. Basing her work on the findings of Ruth Hartley, Oakley discusses four main ways in which socialization influences gender roles. The first way is by the process of manipulation in which parents play a huge role. For example, boys are dressed in masculine clothes. The next stage is the canalization where children are given toys to build up their gender identity. Boys are given pistol and toy trucks while girls are given teddy bears, dolls and soft toys. The third is the use of verbal appellation where such sentences like you are a naughty boy will build up boys sexual identity. The fourth stage is where boys and girls are given a set of different activities. This will encourage children to perform the sexual expectation of society and enable them to identify in which gender they belong. Ann Oakley has been criticized for her emphasis on socialization in shapingà gender roles. What about boys who have a high level of estrogen. Are they likely to behave like girls or will they due to the effect of early socialization behave like normal boys? Similarly, girls who have a high level of androgen, will they behave like boys? Or can the early process of socialization shape them to become like any other ordinary females? Ethnomethodology regard the process of developing gender roles as socially constructed. Suzanne J. Kessler and Wendy Mckenna stated that individuals categorized the world around them according to their own perspective. Therefore the decision whether to regard a person as male or female is socially produced. The process of gender- role socialization begins at the early age of childhood and continues throughout life. Society still typifies males and females according to gender-role trait expectations. There are however evidences that gender attitudes are changing beginning in the 1970s towards a more egalitarian, liberal attitudes. No matter what theories have been introduced in explaining sexual behavior whether it is innate or learned, I believed that both factors contribute in the development of gender-role identity. I based this statement on the fact that biological aspects play an important role in shaping an infant in his/her early age at least until he/she reaches the age of three. After that it is up to the family and society to shape his/her sexual behavior and define appropriate gender-roles for him/her. Gender role socialization is a life-long process. Therefore, I believe that cultural aspects play a greater role in shaping one sexual behavior than the biological aspects because they influence individuals from young until old. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-89081559640475792752020-01-22T00:07:00.001-08:002020-01-22T00:07:02.713-08:00Essay --Imagine you are in the beginning 17th century England, you are starting to feel as if you disagree with the Kings ideals which are very different from your own. You would like to be able to express your beliefs and also live somewhere that has prosperity and a great future for you and your family. The only problem is that your beliefs and ideals arenââ¬â¢t supported where you live and you feel isolated and are looking for somewhere new to be free. In todayââ¬â¢s societies we have so many beliefs and very different ways of thinking that we differ greatly from others. We are accepted by others with the same beliefs and also have the freedom to express whichever belief we have. This wasnââ¬â¢t so easy to achieve. Someone somewhere had to do something, sacrifice their life, challenge the norm, in order to have the freedom to choose that we have today. In the United States of America we can; for the most part; say and do as we please. We can follow any religion or no religion as we please. If we donââ¬â¢t agree with our President or policies we have a voice. This foundation was laid on our Ancestors pre say that made a voyage, fought famine, died by diseases and conflicts among the natives of the land to find a land where you can be free of a Kings rule and start their own rules and ways of life. With the new World the possibilities are endless because you can start over a new life and civilization. I New England colonies of British America were located in New Hampshire, Vermont,à Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. these all later on being part of the 13 coloniesà including the middle and southern colonies. The founders of these New England colonies hadà different goals from the Jamestown settlers. They left England for all differe... ...t they grew rye, corn, pumpkins, squash, beans, peas, carrots and turnips instead. Theyà also owned sheep, pigs, chickens, and cows. This was a largely farm centered life. Although a huge improvement from a feudal society. The early 1600ââ¬â¢s were very crucial to the new colonies. Many waves of settlers were making their way across the Atlantic risking their lives, catching various disease, leaving their family, starting a new life with their families, risking exile from the mother land. All this in order for no longer having any religious persecution or a better life per say. These settlers wanted something outside of the mother country and to explore a new world. This had to be exciting and freighting. Many risks were taken but well worth it. They were the first crusaders in a lot of the freedoms we have today. Without them we wouldnââ¬â¢t have the America we have today. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-80677830095000054652020-01-13T20:28:00.001-08:002020-01-13T20:28:05.450-08:00Kenya DBQ EssayColonialism occurs when one nation takes control of another. And that is exactly what happened when the British arrived in Africa. The people of Africa had no idea that the British was taking and had taken their land. But, with that being said the British are who had help develop Kenya by bringing them some of their viewpoints from Great Britain. These viewpoints did a number of things to the people Africa. They changed the way they were politically, economically, and even culturally (religiously). The culture or religion of Africa was a very diverse. They all had their own beliefs and myths about how the creation of everything came to be such as the Abaluyia creation story, where it says that god created man so that the sun would have someone to shine on (Doc 7). The British did not really understand this, given the majority of them were either Protestant or Catholic. They couldnââ¬â¢t comprehend the idea of believing in witchcraft or witch doctors, or how each tribe had a concep t of a ââ¬Å"Supreme Beingâ⬠(Doc 6). But, as more years went by the number of people believing in indigenous beliefs went down. 38% of the people in Kenya were Protestant and 28% of people became Catholic, while from the original 80% of people who followed indigenous beliefs, only 8% of the people stuck to those beliefs (Doc 8). The economical impact that the British had on Africa was one of the few things that actually benefited them. The education of Africans was provided, even though it was not compulsory, with 3,442 schools (Doc 10). In total, there were 395,000 students that attended these schools (doc 10). And within 50 years there was a substantial amount of growth in both Railroad and Road networks throughout Kenya (Doc 11). The cause for the majority of economically growth came from all the raw materials and cash crops that were being sold and produced for Britain. Politically, there were differences amongst both the people of Kenya and the people of Great Britain. When the British came and announced that the people of Africa now had a new king to serve under and that their land was his, the people were confused (Doc 3). The people could not understand how this foreign king was now their king and how the land that was passed down from their fathersââ¬â¢ father, now belonged to this stranger of a king (Doc 3). Most Africans learned to except the fact that they were now part of a colonial state, noà mat ter how much they despised it (Doc 4). There was even some Kenyan headsman/chief who assisted the British legislative council that who ruled Kenya. After the First World War though, Kenya started to become harder to rule and control, and soon by the time World War II ended the control the British had was gone. The colonization of Kenya is what made Kenya what it is today. And with the help of the British they were able to make the people of Kenya more civilized and developed. The British had altered their perception on how things should be, on how they should be. And their viewpoints gave them insight and had changed the way that they had been, politically, economically, and culturally. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-89378072115045378742020-01-05T16:52:00.001-08:002020-01-05T16:52:03.925-08:00Writing a Reaction Paper analysis and an evaluation - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1763 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Writing a Reaction Paper v A reaction paper is an analysis and an evaluation of the material presented. v In a reaction paper, make sure to give a detailed overview of the experience and tell what exactly was taken out of the experience. v A reaction paper should be more than a simple summary of the material that you are reacting upon. v It should include your opinion or reaction to the material. v This may take on a variety of forms: à § You may compare the work to other related material; à § You may come up with ways to improve the work; à § You may express what you learned; You may concur with the work or argue against the work v You can even use ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠, or the first person, in this type of paper. How to Write a Reaction Paper Consider these general steps as you plan your writing: â⬠¢ Pull your thoughts together on what you just experienced. â⬠¢ Come up with a thesis statement. â⬠¢ Come up with what reaction you want to put down on paper. â⬠¢ De cide on your organization and format draft your reaction paper. As a starting point for your reaction paper, select two or three major points from the following list and write a paragraph for each point. à § React to the ideas presented. Are they clear and suitable? Explain the ideas, give examples of their application in the material presented, and compare/contrast the ideas with your own. à § Compare it to another material. How was it similar to the other material? How was it different? Which did you enjoy more? What makes it more enjoyable? Which did you learn more from? à § Discuss specific insights or facts you have learned or gained from reading the material presented. Discuss each insight or fact you have learned in a detailed paragraph, using direct examples from the material presented. Include a page reference to the material you are reacting to. Make a judgment about the material presented and support it. Did you like it? Why or why not? Elaborate on your answer by c ommenting on the content, style, clarity, validity of ideas and method of presentation. à § Analyzed the material presented. What is its purpose? How does it go about achieving its goal? What is the plan/method of presentation? à § Tell what others might gain from the material presented. Is it valuable? Is it informative, entertaining, or accurate? Do you think your instructor should use it again? Why or why not? In your conclusion, summarize your ideas and tie them together. Writing a Reaction or Response Essay Reaction or response papers are usually requested by teachers so that youll consider carefully what you think or feel about something youve read. The following guidelines are intended to be used for reacting to a reading although they could easily be used for reactions to films too. Read whatever youve been asked to respond to, and while reading, think about the following questions. â⬠¢ How do you feel about what you are reading? â⬠¢ What do you agree or disagre e with? â⬠¢ Can you identify with the situation? â⬠¢ What would be the best way to evaluate the story? Keeping your responses to these questions in mind, follow the following prewriting steps. Prewriting for Your Reaction Paper The following statements could be used in a reaction/response paper. Complete as many statements as possible, from the list below, about what you just read. My Reaction to What I Just Read Is That . . . I think that; I see that; I feel that; It seems that; In my opinion; Because; A good quote is; In addition; For example; Moreover; However; Consequently; Finally; In conclusion. What youve done in completing these statements is written a very rough reaction/response paper. Now it needs to be organized. Organizing Your Reaction Paper A reaction/response paper has an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. â⬠¢ The introduction should contain all the basic information in one or two paragraphs. |Sentence 1: |This sentence should give the title, a uthor, and publication you read. | |Sentence 2, 3, and sometimes 4: |These sentences give a brief summary of what you read (nutshell) | |Sentence 5: |This sentence is your thesis statement. You agree, disagree, identify, or evaluate. | â⬠¢ Your introduction should include a concise, one sentence, focused thesis. This is the focused statement of your reaction/response. â⬠¢ The body should contain paragraphs that provide support for your thesis. Each paragraph should contain one idea. Topic sentences should support the thesis, and the final sentence of each paragraph should lead into the next paragraph. Topic Sentence | |detail example quotation detail example quotation detail example quotation detail example quotation | |Summary Sentence | ( You can structure your paragraphs in two ways: |Author | |You | OR |Author | |in contrast to | |You | ( The conclusion can be a restatement of what you said in your paper. It also be a comment which focuses your overall reac tion. Finally, it can be a prediction of the effects of what youre reacting to. Note: your conclusion should include no new information. Strategies for Writing a Conclusion Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write, and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper. A conclusion should â⬠¢ stress the importance of the thesis statement, â⬠¢ give the essay a sense of completeness, and leave a final impression on the reader. Suggestions â⬠¢ Answer the question So What? Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful. â⬠¢ Synthesize, dont summarize o Dont simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together. â⬠¢ Redirect your readers o Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the real world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. Create a new meaning o You dont have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts. Strategies â⬠¢ Echoing the introduction: Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding. Example Introduction From the parking lot, I could see the towers of the castle of the Magic Kingdom standing stately against the blue sky. To the right, the tall peak of The Matterhorn rose even higher. From the left, I could hear th e jungle sounds of Adventureland. As I entered the gate, Main Street stretched before me with its quaint shops evoking an old-fashioned small town so charming it could never have existed. I was entranced. Disneyland may have been built for children, but it brings out the child in adults. Conclusion I thought I would spend a few hours at Disneyland, but here I was at 1:00 A. M. , closing time, leaving the front gates with the now dark towers of the Magic Kingdom behind me. I could see tired children, toddling along and struggling to keep their eyes open as best they could. Others slept in their parents arms as we waited for the parking lot tram that would take us to our cars. My forty-year-old feet ached, and I felt a bit sad to think that in a couple of days I would be leaving California, my vacation over, to go back to my desk. But then I smiled to think that for at least a day I felt ten years old again. â⬠¢ Challenging the reader: By issuing a challenge to your readers, yo u are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives. Example Though serving on a jury is not only a civic responsibility but also an interesting experience, many people still view jury duty as a chore that interrupts their jobs and the routine of their daily lives. However, juries are part of Americas attempt to be a free and just society. Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens. â⬠¢ Looking to the future: Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally. Example Without well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth wil l suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers. â⬠¢ Posing questions: Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning. Example Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidates qualifications and positions on the issues. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American. Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choose soft drinks and soap? Summary In summary, this handout has covered prewriting and organizing strategies for reaction/response papers. â⬠¢ Prewriting o Read the article and jot down ideas. o How do you feel about what was said? Do you agree or disagree with the author? o Have you had any applicable experience? o Have you read or heard anything that applies to this what the writer said in the article or book? o Does the evidence in the article support the statements the writer made? â⬠¢ Organizing o Write the thesis statement first. o Decide on the key points that will focus your ideas. These will be your topic sentences. o Develop your ideas by adding examples, quotations, and details to your paragraphs. o Make sure the last sentence of each paragraph leads into the next paragraph. o Check your thesis and make sure the topic sentence of each paragraph supports it. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Writing a Reaction Paper :analysis and an evaluation" essay for you Create order Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-14664235384387552972019-12-28T13:17:00.001-08:002019-12-28T13:17:04.172-08:00Discuss how moral distress can affect nurses and its impact on nursing staff retention. - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2977 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Make recommendations on how the impact of moral distress on nursing staff can be limited. What is moral distress? Moral distress is the state of psychological discomfort and distress that arises when an individual recognises that they have moral responsibility in a given situation, make a moral judgement regarding the best course of action but for a range of reasons are unable to carry out what they perceive to be the correct course of action.Ãâà In reference to nursing, it specifically refers to the psychological conflict that occurs when a nurse has to take actions that conflict with what they believe is right, for example, due to restrictions in practice policies within institutions (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011).Ãâà Ãâà Studies in this area usually use the original definition by Jameton in 1993 moral distress arises when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action (Jameton, 1984).Ãâà Further work by Wilkinson in 1987, who published an account of moral distress (Wilkinson, 1989) refined this definition to relate it directly to psychological disequilibrium and negative feeling (Wilkinson, 1987).Ãâà Common causes cited by nurses for not being able to fulfil their moral responsibility include a lack of confidence in the ability of colleagues, negative attitudes of colleagues towards patients and a team decision on care that does not follow the patients expressed wishes, or fear of reprisal resulting from the course of action they feel is best for the patient (Wojtowicz et al., 2014).Ãâ For example, a nurse working in post-operative ward might experience a patient dying as the result of refusing a blood transfusion following surgery due to religious beliefs.Ãâà The nurses personal judgement may be that the patient should receive the blood transfusion to give them the best chance of surviving the surgery.Ãâà However, because the patient did not consent, the nurse could not carry out the action they perceived to be correct.Ãâà When the pati ent died, the nurse may have experienced emotional and psychological distress in the form of guilt and anger that they had not saved a life that may have been possible to save, as well as feelings of helplessness that they could not overrule the patients wishes (Stanley and Matchett, 2014).Ãâà Ãâ . Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss how moral distress can affect nurses and its impact on nursing staff retention." essay for you Create order What situations are more likely to cause moral distress? In 2015, Whitehead et al carried out a large scale questionnaire based study in the USA on moral distress amongst nurses and other healthcare professionals (592 participants, 395 of which were registered nurses).Ãâà The most common causes of moral distress in nurses included frustration at a lack of patient care due to inadequate continuity (rated 6.4 by nurses on a Likert scale of 0-16), poor communication (5.8) or inadequate staffing levels (5.7).Ãâà Additionally, nurses reported that giving life supportive therapy when not in a patients best interest (6.0), or resuscitation only to prolong the process of death (5.8) were also rated highly.Ãâà This study also showed that physicians and other healthcare professionals also rated these factors highly, but overall their scores were less than those of nurses.Ãâà The authors concluded that nurses are more likely to experience moral distress than other healthcare professionals, possibly due to a discrepancy betwe en levels of responsibility for patient welfare and the required autonomy to make the decisions they believe should be made, as well as feelings of accepting treatment protocols from physicians which they feel are incorrect but unable to challenge or overrule.Ãâà Poor team leadership and poor communication was also cited by nurses as a cause of moral distress (Whitehead et al., 2015).Ãâ Moral distress appears to be more likely amongst nursing staff who are involved in patient care protocols that are considered to be aggressive and futile e.g. prolonged end of life care, or care protocols that the nurse does not consider to be in the patients best interest.Ãâà For these reasons, moral distress is thought to be particularly prevalent amongst nurses treating patients in palliative care (Matzo and Sherman, 2009), paediatrics, intensive care (Whitehead et al., 2015; Wilson et al., 2013; Ulrich et al., 2010) and neonatal environments (Wilkinson, 1989).Ãâà Additiona lly moral distress is also prevalent amongst psychiatric nurses due to increased feelings of responsibility for vulnerable patients, particularly as these patients are at risk of suffering from ethical mistreatments, e.g. misinformation about drug side effects (Wojtowicz et al., 2014).Ãâà Other studies have also identified that issues with the institution itself can cause moral distress, such as inadequate staffing, depersonalisation of staff, inadequate supply of resources and overloading of work (Dalmolin et al., 2014). How does it affect nursing staff? Moral distress can have psychological consequences that affect the nurses performance and wellbeing.Ãâà For example, it is thought that nurses experiencing moral distress may self-blame or criticise themselves for an unsatisfactory outcome, and may experience emotions of anger, guilt, sadness or powerlessness (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011; Borhani et al., 2014).Ãâà They may shift blame onto others or exhibit avoidance behaviours such as taking time off for illness.Ãâà Physical manifestations may also include headaches, diarrhoea, sleep disturbance and palpitations, which may well be interpreted as illness and require time off work, further contributing to low staffing levels, which perpetuates a cycle of understaffing = moral distress / illness = time off = understaffing (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011).Ãâà Moral distress is associated with burnout (or emotional exhaustion and extreme stress) and with a reduced sense of professional fulfilment (Dalmolin et a l., 2014) .Ãâ Moral distress and staff retention Because experiencing moral distress has been linked to harm and stress to nurses, as well as a reduction in the quality of patient care, many studies have cited it as a reason for nurses to leave the profession, resulting in a reduction in staffing levels and self-perpetuating cycle of staff shortages (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011; Borhani et al., 2014).Ãâà Indeed, one study of 102 intensive care nurses in the USA found that as many as 40% had left or had considered leaving a job as the direct result of moral distress (Morgan and Tarbi, 2015), Together, these issues can significantly compromise the quality of patient care and result in burnout of nursing staff, causing more to leave the profession to avoid the feelings of guilt that moral distress can cause, particularly in those specialisms typically associated with moral distress such as oncology or paediatrics.Ãâà Moral distress also contributes to job dissatisfaction, typically as the result of a discrepancy bet ween the experience the nurse is expecting to have at an institution, and the actual experience (Borhani et al., 2014) This is particularly true of student nurses, who are more likely to have higher expectations of the profession they have worked hard to join, and will be more familiar with the policies and values by which organisations should be run rather than the reality, where it is likely that some practices will be sub-optimal or archaic (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Stanley and Matchett, 2014).Ãâà Ãâ Managing and limiting the impact of moral distress As previously discussed, moral distress is thought to primarily result from either institutional disorganisation (which can be prevented), or distressing ethical situations such as providing futile life prolonging treatment which are unfortunately inevitable (Whitehead et al., 2015).Ãâà However, there are ways in which nurses and their management can prepare themselves to deal with these situations effectively, thus reducing the impact of the moral distress (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).Ãâà Ãâà Although it is important for nursing staff to be supported by their management, ultimately the nurse should be responsible for themselves and their own psychological wellbeing in order to prevent burnout from moral distress (Severinsson, 2003).Ãâ Several studies have suggested that the best way to reduce the risk of burnout as a result of moral distress is for nurses to share their feelings and seek support from their peers, ideally in an environment where nurses can shar e their experiences and discuss ethical implications of specific situations.Ãâà It is also important that nurses understand what moral distress is, and can identify the source of negative feelings.Ãâà Psychologically it is thought to be important that nurses acknowledge and identify these feelings so that they may be processed in a less damaging manner (Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Deady and McCarthy, 2010; Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â ¬?Zieber et al., 2008).Ãâà Nurses should also be encouraged to challenge treatment protocols they feel are inappropriate without fear of reprisal (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).Ãâà Some researchers have advocated approaches such as nurses emotionally distancing themselves from distressing situations, or actively striving to desensitise themselves.Ãâà However it is controversial whether or not this actually reduces moral distress, and of course raises questions about patient welfare with some suggesting that it is important that the nurse fee ls ethically responsible (Whitehead et al., 2015; Severinsson, 2003) and has a degree of emotional involvement in the situation in order to provide best possible care (Bryon et al., 2012; Linnard-Palmer and Kools, 2005; Severinsson, 2003).Ãâ The majority of studies in this area recommend that moral distress should be included in the curriculum studied by student nurses, along with practical recommendations regarding measures that can be taken to deal with it as and when it occurs (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Borhani et al., 2014; Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Stanley and Matchett, 2014; Whitehead et al., 2015), for example in the form of ethical philosophical discussion to facilitate students to explore their individual moral value systems and emotional responses, as well as be more informed regarding the underlying psychological processes involved.Ãâà Therefore nurses may better understand the thought processes involved, and be better equipped to identify unhelpful thinking patt erns that may result from moral distress, thus limiting stress and avoiding the development of burnout (Stanley and Matchett, 2014; Severinsson, 2003).Ãâ It has been shown by several studies that moral distress occurs less in institutions and teams where there is a healthy and positive attitude towards ethics and the discussion of the application of ethics (Whitehead et al., 2015).Ãâà Therefore, it is important that institutions encourage the development of an ethically healthy environment at all levels of management (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).Ãâà Ãâà Additionally, many studies highlight that incompetence in colleagues and subsequent errors in patient care is a primary source of moral distress in nursing staff, and as such institutions should ensure that an adequate quality of care monitoring system is in place, preferably where staff are able to raise concerns without fear of reprisal (Whitehead et al., 2015; Stanley and Matchett, 2014).Ãâà Ãâà Ins titutions should also strive to reduce factors such as institutional disorganisation, inadequate resource levels and understaffing (Dalmolin et al., 2014).Ãâà Anonymous reviews have also identified extreme examples of patient mistreatment and poor care, and a lack of empowerment of student nurses in particular to report or challenge unacceptable behaviour in colleagues.Ãâà Universities and institutions should therefore encourage an environment where this is possible (Rees et al., 2015).Ãâà Feelings of powerlessness to contest clinical decisions can also be reduced by encouragingÃâà collaborative decision making within teams (Karanikola et al., 2014; Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â ¬?Zieber et al., 2008).Ãâ Healthcare institutions should also recognise their responsibilities in reducing moral distress amongst nursing staff in order to support them correctly and also to retain staff and limit absence due to staff sickness.Ãâà For example, an institution could appo int a designated ethics consultant who can offer guidance to nurses, and ensure that staff have access to counselling if required to address any psychological distress.Ãâà The institution could also support the setting up of an ethics discussion forum where staff could discuss troubling situations (Matzo and Sherman, 2009), for example using an online forum which would also provide anonymity to facilitate open discussion.Ãâà It has been recommended that such groups be cross-disciplinary, as this would allow for potentially valuable differing viewpoints to facilitate discussion and potentially offer different solutions or approaches to those traditionally used by a team (Matzo and Sherman, 2009).Ãâ Nursing management staff are thought to experience less moral distress than nurses themselves, presumably as the result of the distance perceived between themselves and the questionable moral decision (Ganz et al., 2015).Ãâà As a result it may also be beneficial for management staff to receive specific training about moral distress so that they can understand the situation better and provide more effective support to their teams.Ãâ Conclusion Moral distress is a significant factor for nurses leaving the profession.Ãâà Combatting moral distress is important, not only for the welfare of nursing staff but also the patients themselves.Ãâà Healthcare institutions have a responsibility to minimise moral distress as much as possible by improving administrative issues such as staffing levels, team organisation and job satisfaction.Ãâà However nurses still have a responsibility to themselves and their patients to reduce moral distress and thus negate its impact on patient care (as well as their own health and wellbeing) by actively partaking in activities such as ethical discussion groups and peer support networks.Ãâà Together nurses, healthcare institutions and universities can reduce the impact of moral distress by cultivating an environment where nursing staff can participate in controversial care plan discussions.Ãâ References Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., Nakhaee, N. and Roshanzadeh, M. (2014). The relationship between moral distress, professional stress, and intent to stay in the nursing profession. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 7, p.3. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512824 [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Bryon, E., Dierckx de CasterlÃÆ'à ©, B. and Gastmans, C. (2012). Because we see them naked nurses experiences in caring for hospitalized patients with dementia: considering artificial nutrition or hydration (ANH). Bioethics, 26 (6), p.285à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"295. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21320145 [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Dalmolin, G. de L., Lunardi, V. L., Lunardi, G. L., Barlem, E. L. D. and Silveira, R. S. da. (2014). Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22 (1), p.35à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"42. [Online]. Available at : https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Deady, R. and McCarthy, J. (2010). A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress: A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46 (3), p.209à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"220. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00260.xÃâà [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â ¬?Zieber, Brad Hagen, Chris Armstrongà ¢Ã¢â ¬?Esther, Barry Hall, Lindsay Akins and Michael Stingl. (2008). Moral distress: an emerging problem for nurses in longà ¢Ã¢â ¬?term care? Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 9 (2), p.39à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"48. [Online]. Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14717794200800013Ãâà [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Fitzpatrick, J. J. and Wallace, M. (2011). Encyclopedi a of Nursing Research, Third Edition. Springer Publishing Company. [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAE_s82NjtACdq=nursing+moral+distresshl=ensa=Xei=WMiLVfSZE8Ke7gaO4IGIBgved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Ganz, F. D., Wagner, N. and Toren, O. (2015). Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress. Nursing Ethics, 22 (1), p.43à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"51. [Online]. Available at: https://nej.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0969733013515490 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Jameton, A. (1984). Nursing practice: The ethical issues. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs. [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Karanikola, M. N. K., Albarran, J. W., Drigo, E., Giannakopoulou, M., Kalafati, M., Mpouzika, M., Tsiaousis, G. Z. and Papathanassoglou, E. D. (2014). Moral distress, autonomy and nurse-physician collaboration among intensive care unit nurses in Italy. Journal of Nursing Management, 22 (4), p.472à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"484. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jon m.12046 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Linnard-Palmer, L. and Kools, S. (2005). Parents refusal of medical treatment for cultural or religious beliefs: an ethnographic study of health care professionals experiences. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing: Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, 22 (1), p.48à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"57. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574726. [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Matzo, M. L. and Sherman, D. W. (2009). Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, Third Edition. Springer Publishing Company. [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoCpg=PA121dq=nursing+moral+distresshl=ensa=Xei=cciLVbDDK-fd7QbR6q3oDQved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepageq=nursing%20moral%20distressf=false [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Morgan, B. and Tarbi, E. (2015). A Survey of Moral Distress Across Nurses in Intensive Care Units (FR416-A). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 49 (2), p.360à ¢Ã¢â ¬ ââ¬Å"361. [Online]. Available at: doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.11.091 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Rees, C. E., Monrouxe, L. V. and McDonald, L. A. (2015). My mentor kicked a dying womans bedà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ Analysing UK nursing students most memorable professionalism dilemmas. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71 (1), p.169à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"180. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jan.12457 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Severinsson, E. (2003). Moral stress and burnout: Qualitative content analysis. Nursing and Health Sciences, 5 (1), p.59à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"66. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1442-2018.2003.00135.xÃâà [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Stanley, M. J. C. and Matchett, N. J. (2014). Understanding how student nurses experience morally distressing situations: Caring for patients with different values and beliefs in the clinical environment. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4 (10), p.p133. [Online]. Available at: https://ww w.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/view/5139 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Ulrich, C., Hamric, A. and Grady, C. (2010). Moral Distress: A Growing Problem in the Health Professions? Hastings Center Report, 40 (1), p.20à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"22. [Online]. Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v040/40.1.ulrich.html [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Whitehead, P. B., Herbertson, R. K., Hamric, A. B., Epstein, E. G. and Fisher, J. M. (2015). Moral Distress Among Healthcare Professionals: Report of an Institution-Wide Survey: Moral Distress. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47 (2), p.117à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"125. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jnu.12115 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Wilkinson, J. M. (1987). Moral Distress in Nursing Practice: Experience and Effect. Nursing Forum, 23 (1), p.16à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"29. [Online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1987.tb00794.x/abstract [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Wilkinson, J. M. (1989). Moral Distress: A Labor and Delivery Nurses Experience. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 18 (6), p.513à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"519. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1989.tb00503.x [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Wilson, M. A., Goettemoeller, D. M., Bevan, N. A. and McCord, J. M. (2013). Moral distress: levels, coping and preferred interventions in critical care and transitional care nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22 (9-10), p.1455à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"1466. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jocn.12128 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Wojtowicz, B., Hagen, B. and Van Daalen-Smith, C. (2014). No place to turn: Nursing students experiences of moral distress in mental health settings: Moral Distress in Mental Health Settings. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23 (3), p.257à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"264. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/inm.12043 [Accessed: 25 Ju ne 2015]. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-52063853099329830092019-12-20T09:06:00.001-08:002019-12-20T09:06:03.536-08:00Pateman On Locke Essays - 1259 Words For years social contract theorists had monopolized the explanation of modern society. John Locke was among those who advocated this theory of a collectively chosen set of circumstances. Carole Pateman, on the other hand rejects many of the pillars of the social contract and specifically attacks certain aspects of Lockes argument regarding paternalism and patriarchy. Pateman defends her idea that the individual about which Locke writes is masculine, instead of the gender-encompassing form of the word quot;man.quot; Pateman also argues that Locke denies the individuality of women. Instead of scrapping his entire work, however, she grants him a couple of concessions, even acknowledging Locke as anti-patriarchal. If John Locke were aroundâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Much like the other social contract theorists, Pateman believes that Locke leaves women out of the picture. In Patemans eyes Locke excludes women from quot;participation in the act that creates civil society.quot;(Sexual Contract: 21) Others have generously argued that Locke omitted women from the original contract in order to keep from alienating his (male) audience or, even though they are not mentioned directly, women still quot;could have been party to the social contract.quot;(Sexual Contract:21) Pateman believes his omission was the direct result of Lockes idea of an individual being masculine. When Locke speaks of man and mans role in the social contract, Pateman takes quot;manquot; literally to mean the male gender instead of as a universal term. Pateman also concerns herself with Lockes status as a believer in paternal or parental power. Although Locke stresses the Bibles fifth commandment (Honor thy father and mother) he does not extend womens equality to other arenas. Instead, according to Pateman, quot;the husband still exercises power over his wife, but the power is less than absolute.quot;(Sexual Contract: 22) It is in this manner that Pateman attributes male dominated government and politics to a traditional patriarchal system. To quote Pateman directly: The genesis of the (patriarchal) family is frequently seen as synonymousShow MoreRelatedWeaknesses Of Social Contract Theory928 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat enforces the contract and the laws that come with it. Some political theorists, such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, have differing views as to what the state of nature is and what should constitute as a social contract. One difference is Hobbesââ¬â¢s theory of the Social Contract supports the idea of absolutism while providing very little to no value to the individual, whereas Locke supported the individual and not the government. These social contract theorists have elements which a feminist canRead MoreSocial Contract And The Civil Society979 Words à |à 4 Pagescitizens. Indeed the human behaviour described seems alien to us, and Hobbes is criticised for his narrative of human behaviour and psychology (Hampton 1999). More importantly, the persons living in the state of nature of the classical theorists, Hobbes, Locke, and to a lesser extent, Rousseau, are simplistic generalisations. Dicus (2015) argues that the state of nature as a model needs more developed descriptions of persons, rather than generalised threats, to more effectively explain the shift from theRead MoreEducation: Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paulo Freire Essay1435 Words à |à 6 Pagesbe used by a nation and the problems it entails that would have to be discussed for modern uses. Locke begins by describing a state of nature that entails equality and a state of perfect freedom for mankind to live as they want within the laws of nature (Locke 2009, 370). Lockeââ¬â¢s work argues for his view of property, where a man has the right to the fruits of his labor but not to another manââ¬â¢s (Locke 2009, 372). In his view, the government is meant to prevent on man from seeking punishment that isRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Contract Theory2326 Words à |à 10 PagesBusiness Society Government The concept of social contract theory is that in the beginning man lived in the state of nature. They had no government and there was now law to regulate them. There are three main philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau that are best known for the social contract theory. In the twentieth century moral and political theory with John Rawlsââ¬â¢ Kantian version of social contract theory and was then followed by David Gaunthier. Feminists and raceRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words à |à 922 Pagesmanagementââ¬â¢s right to manage is founded upon its ability to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness, justified and enabled by objective analyses of how things really are, has to collapse epistemologically (see also Fournier and Grey, 2000; Locke, 1996). Their inevitably subjective interpretations of what is going on can be no better than any other personââ¬â¢s equally subjective interpretations. Despite the recent appearance of this ââ¬Ësubjectivistââ¬â¢ epistemological challenge to the dominance of Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-87514694523602744472019-12-12T05:37:00.001-08:002019-12-12T05:37:03.075-08:00The Culture Organizational Structure Question: Critically analyse a company called ABC and the culture organizational structure of that company. Answer: This essay will critically analyse a company called ABC and the present organizational culture organizational structure of that company. I was appointed as a new supervisor for this company to manage three new teams, which were contracted by the company X, who is the prime contractor for building internet network. This essay will analyse how the existing organizational culture and structure of this company, and evaluate the best organizational culture and structure that can be implemented without much commotion to improve performance and quality of this company. ABC is a company with 19 employees that are contracted to undertake the construction of NBN network to the premises in Central NSW region. It has three teams looked after by one supervisor and management of consisting of three people at the office and with the owner at the top. It also has an operation team, admin and accounting and a supervisor to manage the workers and 16 labours. ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Organisational Culture can be defined in many ways. Hence, they are dependent on which segment is to be discussed. An example of the definition of Organisational Culture is "A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguish the organization from other organizations" (Robins et al. 2011: 466). Another is "Cognitive framework, which consists of attitudes, values, behavioural norms and expectation" (Greenberg,Baron,1997). AGGRESSIVE/DEFENSIVE CULTURE There are many organizational cultural models available. However, this essay is particularly concerned with the one that is related to ABC. Aggressive/defensive culture more prominent in the task than workers and it is more focused on individual's achievement than group achievement (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). There are four elements to Aggressive/defensive culture Oppositional More focussed on having the security and it is critical of other works. It questions the co-workers, which can result in disputes. However, it can also permit quality improvement. Such complications exists there in ABC, where workers questions the quality of other team members' work and it creates dispute rather than improvements. Power Power culture more concerned with prestige and power and it does not necessarily have anything to do with the senior management controlling the lower management. It can exist in small teams and many forms. For example, in small companies when new workers join they are not welcomed, and there is an issue of someone been working for the company for a long time and have the authority over new employees. This did exist with ABC, where new employees were doing the basic tasks and always found fault by senior employees. There was no room for the new employees to progress further. This often led to the disputes and most of the workers resigned. Competitive Individuals are focused on competing against each other and to protect their status by outperforming others. ABC rewarded bonus at the end of the month for those employees who have performed well. This was introduced to motivate employees as well as increase the turnover of the company. Although rewarding employees are great, it made no good for ABC with the existing organizational culture (Ou et al. 2013). There was great competition between the three teams and individual team members among each team. Initially, this bonus payment increased turnover for the company but later it declined as the quality was compromised and complaints increased. There were complaints made by customers to National Broadband Network (NBN). Then the workers were directed to follow the rectification work and this lead to loss of time and money. This whole process affected the company dramatically. It shows how this aggressive/defensive culture affected ABC, as employees had no collaboration in the workplac e as a team. Moreover, they were more focused on their individual achievement. Perfectionists The focus of this culture is to do everything to perfection and in a flawless manner. This is again due to the status and competition and to do well in everything than other people (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). This sometimes results in high quality work but provides no room for teamwork. Overall, the members of Aggressive/defensive culture find themselves in an extreme level of stress. They also find themselves in a conflict situation and are not satisfied with their work. This culture has a negative impact on ABC, especially on the quality of their work and the level of consistency. Often aggressive and defensive members cannot interact with other co-workers and find themselves with impossible expectations. Members usually face conflict situations and not knowing whom to listen to and no assistance from other members. Members dislike their working environment and often leave the organization to find a job in another organization. Importantly this culture does not support teamwork, and such culture does result in job dissatisfaction for any individual as seen in the context of ABC. A power culture describes a non-participative organization structured on the basis of the authority inherent in members' positions. Members believe that they will be rewarded for taking charge, controlling subordinates and, at the same time, being responsive to the demands of superiors ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE It is important for any organization to decide a suitable organizational structure (Knights and Pedrero 2013). It is vital for any organization to decide a structure carefully so that it creates a positive organizational culture as well as achieves the organizational goal. Organizational structure defines who holds power, what responsibilities everyone holds and who makes the decision. There are six main key elements in organizational structure (Robins et al. 2011). They are work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization. The focus of this essay will be on that are related to ABC and evaluate some of the main elements that affect this company. The simple structure: According to Robbins et al. (pp445) the simple structure "it is a flat organization, it usually has only two or three vertical levels and a loose body of employees, and one individual in whom the decision making authority is centralized." The "simple structure" is utilized by ABC with the authority centralized to the owner of the company (Centralisation and decentralization). The simple structure mostly used by small organizations. It allows organizations to be fast, flexible, permits clear accountability while maintaining low operating cost (Fan et al. 2013). ABC's simple structure is a great example of this with the owner at the top and operations team and accounting/admin team at the next level down, as depicted in Diagram 1 (departmentalisation). The supervisor can directly report to the owner and the operations team and the workers can only report to the supervisor but can be in contact with the operations team and the owner to discuss any matter (Chain of command). This allows the organization to make quick decisions unlike other structures like matrix or bureaucracy. ABC has one site supervisor who is managing fifteen team members and reports the owner and the operations team (span of control) (Neubert et al. 2014). Work Specialization: Work specialization also is known as the division of labour. It allows the organization to allocate work among the individuals. Henry Ford utilized this method in the early time and had been very successful. Ford was able to produce a car every ten seconds, using employees who had relatively limited skills (Robins et al. 2011). Work specialization allows organizations to hire people who had relatively low skills and still assist them to be efficient because there were no need for change tasks. Similarly, at ABC the workers are hired with relatively low skills. As long as the workers have white card and first aid certificate, they are hired to do the task. Workers are allocated with repetitive tasks. For example, some workers are only required to dig trenches all day, some just have to operate machines every day, and some just have the job of installing NBN boxes on the wall and some others only do cable hauling. These repeated tasks lead to boredom, fatigue, and poor quality. This re sults in so many complaints by customers and declines the efficiency when workers are again allocated to the rectification work (Neubert et al. 2014). This results in loss of revenue and some workers have been sacked as a result of it. RECOMMENDATION Organisational Culture The use of Aggressive/defensive culture within ABC diminishing the company currently and it will continue to diminish, as the culture gets even more aggressive. ABC will have to focus on building a team that can work together not against each other. It should be working together to achieve a common goal. The most suitable culture for ABC will be Constructive culture. In Constructive culture, individuals are urged to be in correspondence with their colleagues, and work as groups, instead of just as individuals. The Constructive styles incorporate the Achievement, Self-Actualizing, Humanistic-Encouraging, and Affiliative customs in the workplace (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Self-Achievement It allows the task to be completed successfully with the team's own effort as well as be competent and able to do challenging tasks and believes that the achievements are based on personal skills (Ou et al. 2013). It talks about Setting realistic goals, thinking ahead and achieving the results. This is important for ABC as they are working beyond their capacity sometimes, this will allow them to have a realistic and sensible goal. Self-actualizing - It refers to the craving for self-fulfilment, that is, eagerness of a person to become actualized and understand the potentiality. It is about the realization or fulfilment of one's talents and potentialities considered as a drive or need present in everyone (think in unique and independent ways) (do even simple tasks well). Based on the needs for personal growth, self-fulfilment and the realization of one's potential people carry out their performance in a different way. People with this style demonstrate a strong desire to learn and experience things. They are creative yet realistic in thinking and obtains a balanced concern for people and tasks. Humanistic encouraging It is about helping the co-workers to grow and develop and gives high regards to people and their development (Chatman et al. 2013). This will allow the workers at ABC to be people focused and help one another, to develop skills as well being encouraging and supportive. This will eliminate existing issues with ABC where people are racing against each other and not being supportive and focusing on their individual needs. Affiliative: It helps the workers to be focused on people and relationship (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). It will allow sustaining working relationship, and this will surely be significant for ABC. It is important for workers to have this culture and by following it; they will be able to pursue a great relationship. By changing ABC's organizational culture to constructive culture will enable this company to run in harmony. It will allow workers to be more people focused than to be task oriented. It will allow workers to be friendly and help each other and developing skills. Organisational structure The "simple structure" is the most suitable structure for ABC, but there are rooms for some improvements, which will make the operation effective. One particular concern is to do with span of control, where one supervisor is managing three teams (Knights and Pedrero 2013). Although one supervisor is sufficient to look after three teams of sixteen members, the problem is arising because of the work environment. Not all three teams can work together as they are operating on different sites and supervisor can only be on one site at a time. The supervisor will have to travel each site throughout the day to monitor tasks and to assure that the safety standards are being followed. It is recommended to hire another supervisor so the teams can be managed effectively and importantly a constructive culture has to be established and maintained. Another alternative option is to promote one worker from each team to be the team leader, and they can report to the supervisor. However, this is possible solution may create complexity by adding more chain of command. Since ABC is a relatively small company, it is important to have simpler chain of command and span of control. Therefore, the most suitable decision is to hire another supervisor. In addition, the bonus policy of the company should be taken into consideration. Instead of paying bonus for the individuals for their performance, it can be evaluated on the overall team performance. This will encourage workers to work together, and it will allow them to work as a team and help them to change into a constructive culture. Conclusion This essay has critically analyzed the organizational structure and the organizational culture followed by the organization named ABC. In conclusion, it can be said that the existing working, the organizational culture, and the organizational structure of the company named ABC is affecting the motivation and the employee turnover rate of the company. It is a prerequisite for a company to develop and maintain a good working culture. A strong and healthy organizational culture is talent-attractor. In addition to this, it also helps in changing the attitude of the employees to the job and the organization. The organizational culture of the company ABC is of the aggressive/defensive culture. The company needs to replace it with the constructive organizational structure to obtain the above-discussed advantages. On the other hand, the structural organizational pattern followed by the company ABC is being typically helpful for the growth and achievement of the strategic goals of the company . This company is developing a "simple structure" of the organizational structure. As they are operating in the small, scale this particular organizational structure, is providing them a simpler way of power control and a clear hierarchy. However, the undemocratic pattern of decision-making and the strict control over the power structure lead to the employee dissatisfaction and decreased level of employee engagement. Therefore, for the better operation, the ABC can go for this "simple structure" with a bit democratization and recruitment of some new staffs for the simplification of the working issues. Thus, these simple changes within the organizational setup can help ABC to perform better. References: Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Chatman, J.A., Caldwell, D.F., OREILLY, C.A. and Doerr, B.E.R.N.A.D.E.T.T.E., 2013.Organizational Culture and Performance in High-Technology Firms: The Effects of Culture Content and Strength. Working Paper). Berkeley, CA: Haas School of Business. Csaszar, F.A., 2012. Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds.Strategic Management Journal,33(6), pp.611-632. Fan, J.P., Wong, T.J. and Zhang, T., 2013. Institutions and organizational structure: The case of state-owned corporate pyramids.Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,29(6), pp.1217-1252. Knights, P. and Pedrero, F.V., 2013. Speed, coordination and individualistic behaviors: a pilot NK modeling study to investigate the moderating effects of organizational structure on performance in individual firms. Neubert, M.J., Hunter, E.M. and Tolentino, R., 2014, January. The Influence of Servant Leadership and Organizational Structure on Employee and Patient Outcomes. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 17320). Academy of Management. Ou, A.Y., Hartnell, C.A., Kinicki, A.J. and Karam, E.P., 2013, January. A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Unit Performance. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 10037). Academy of Management. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-74001033308369145802019-12-04T17:18:00.001-08:002019-12-04T17:18:03.889-08:00Should Sex Ed. Be Offered In Public free essay sample Schools? Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Should Sex Education be offered in Public Schools? # 8221 ; Sexual activity can be traced back every bit far as Adam and Eve, the first two people on this planet. Today, all age groups encounter things associated with sex, but it is non a job that concerns everyone. The job that has been at manus for more than thirty old ages is should arouse instruction categories be offered in Public Schools? ( 1.Teaching Fear ; 1996 ) The ground such argument has arose over the old ages is because there are many diverse sentiments about the subject. Children are now faced with jobs at a much earlier age than old ages passed. There must be a manner to make the kids before they are in such demand of aid and are clueless about the lay waste toing jobs around them. Sexual activity instruction is one measure in the right way, when it comes to the wellness of our kids, and the warrant of a solid hereafter. Although some people disagree with the thought of sex instruction categories, in the public school system, the bulks seem to prefer it. On the other manus, some people agree with the thought of sex instruction, but feel like the job lies more in the manner that it is taught, instead than being wholly against the thought. Those who are against sex instruction in category feel as though all the categories would make is make more jobs. They are unsure about the result, whether or non it would do pupils to be more or less likely to prosecute in sexual activities and intercourse. ( 2.Keen, Cathy. Florida Teens Get Inadequate Sex Education ; 1999 ) The chief concerns for most people, particularly parents, are what can the pupils learn from the categories and how can they use it to their lives. In some instances, people feel as though new methods of learning the topic would convey better consequences, such as lower teenage gestations, a diminution in sexually transmitted diseases, more responsible thought, and possibly even lower the rate of sexual torment and colza. Another inquiry that people are inquiring is when should the categories be started. Recent surveies found that between the ages of six old ages old and twelve old ages old, kids are non cognizant of their gender. ( 3.Sex Education in Schools ; 1999 ) Once the kids begin to make pubescence and get down maturating more, that is when the job begins. If the plans would get down in kindergarten and continue through out the undermentioned 12 old ages of school, drastic alterations may be made in the age of first intercourse, or sexual activities. Parents must besides play a prima function in sex instruction. It must travel beyond the doors of the school, and into the places of the kids. Since parents are the chief pedagogues in a kid # 8217 ; s life, they need to discourse the subject of sex instruction in place every bit good. ( Sex Education in Schools ; 1999 ) Children who have neer had a talk about sex with their parents experience more uncomfortable when they have to speak about it in forepart of their schoolmates. In some instances, some pupils may even experience more comfy to speak to their instructor, instead than their parents. A really of import thought for parents to retrieve is, although speaking about sex can be hard, it makes it helpful on a kid to hear about the facts of life from their parents at first. ( 4.Woznicki, Katrina. Smarter Teens Likely to Delay Sex ; 2000 ) This besides makes it easier when they attend the sex instruction categories so they can understand the full impact of the category. Students themselves besides must lend to their ain consciousness of sex instruction, and STD bar. Just like schools offer plans where pupils make committednesss non to imbibe and drive, schools should besides offer plans where pupils can do the promise to remain abstentious until matrimony. A support group would assist the pupils by replying any inquiry the pupils might hold over sex, STD, or even sexual torment. The support group could even offer different types of plans that would learn pupils how to believe before any sexual brush. This would let pupils to be more mentally, and emotionally prepared for when they decide to hold sex. The plans could both detain the oncoming of sexual intercourse, and diminish the figure of sexual spouses. ( 5.Sex Education in Schools: Its Effectss on Sexual Behavior.1995 ) One of the chief inquiries that consequence the sex instruction plan, is what are the best topics to learn the kids. No affair what classes are offered abstention should ever be stressed the most. ( 6.Dunn, Vincy. Profile of A School Sex Ed. Program. ) Most of the sex instruction plans that are soon being used screens abstention, sexually familial disease, adolescent gestation, safe sex, and how to believe before they make a error. If instructors covered different ways to state no to sexual activities, and talked more about the emotional hazards of holding sex at an early age the effectivity of sex instruction would besides increase. Abstinence has the best warrant out of any method of safe sex. If a pupil patterns abstention, that is the lone manner he or she will neer contract a sexually familial disease, or increase the rate of adolescent gestation. The abstention merely plans offer pupils the ability to sharpen their decision-making accomplishments, and larn more about disease bar. ( Teaching Fear ; 1996 ) It besides teaches them to be more responsible for their actions and how to hold more self-denial, and self respect. Practicing safe sex is another topic that is taught in the plans. Today, there are several different methods of safe sex that could be taught. Statisticss show that about 50 % of most high school pupils are sexually active. ( 7.Do abstinence-only plans work? 2000 ) These pupils should besides be able to have the right information they need to understand the ways to be protected. Because one time some STD # 8217 ; S are contracted, the lone remedy is decease. Presently, out of all the population of the United States, adolescents hold the highest record of sexually transmitted disease, and that is out of any age group. ( 8.Decarlo, Pamela. Does Sex Ed. Work? ) Condoms and unwritten preventives are the two taking ways of safe sex, and disease bar. As said before, abstention is the merely 100 % safe manner, but unwritten preventives and rubbers are between 97 % and 99.9 % safe. ( 9.National Adolescent Reproductive Health Partnership ; 1998 ) Although unwritten preventives are merely used to forestall gestation in adult females, rubbers prevent disease transmittal and stop gestation from happening. Distributing rubbers in school, is besides another facet of sex instruction. If the school would supply the protection to any adolescent that was contemplating sexual intercourse, at least he or she would hold equal protection from gestation and STD # 8217 ; S. This could besides put a form for them to follow in the hereafter. That manner they would ever take to have on a rubber, and it could perchance salvage his or her life. The hazards of holding unprotected are really one mportant affairs that should be covered in deepness by the plan. Students should cognize that a hazard of holding unprotected sex and coming in contact with a sexually familial disease such as AIDS might ensue in losing his or her life. In 1994, four hundred and 17 new HIV instances were reported between the ages of 13 old ages of age, and 19 old ages of age. ( Decarlo, Pamela. Does Sex Ed. Work? ) In that same twelvemonth, two thousand six hundred and eighty four new instances were reported between the age of 20 and 24. ( Decarlo, Pamela ; Does Sex Ed. Work? ) If by some opportunity, all those who were infected with the HIV virus had an effectual sex instruction plan ; they might hold a opportunity to populate a life with positive wagess, alternatively of populating a life cognizing that you were closer to decease every twenty-four hours. Unwanted gestation is besides a hazard of unprotected sex. When this affair is covered in school, it would expose the message better to set the misss in the exact state of affairs. For case ; when a teenage miss is pressured into holding sex because it is purportedly love, and so she ends up pregnant, she will so recognize the importance of protected sex. But by so, it will be excessively late. A babe is on the manner, when the miss is still a kid herself. It is a shame to see society in a topographic point where all the ethical motives have vanished like clip. Not merely does this consequence the statistics on teenage gestation, but one time the miss realizes that she can # 8217 ; t be responsible plenty to raise a babe, she likely will make up ones mind to hold an abortion, which will besides increase the figure of abortions per twelvemonth. If the plans covered how it is to hold a babe at such an early age, the figure of gestations and abortions might besides worsen enormously. Not merely are sexually familial diseases, adolescent gestation and abortion the chief hazard of holding unprotected sex, but malignant neoplastic disease is besides. In immature misss, cervical malignant neoplastic disease can happen if sexual intercourse takes topographic point at an highly earliest age. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease and testicular malignant neoplastic disease, which is found in males, can besides be a consequence of a sexually familial disease. The dangers of these malignant neoplastic diseases are really serious. For adult females and work forces likewise, both malignant neoplastic diseases can forestall reproduction, and may even be life endangering. ( 10.Woznicki, Katrina. Some Girls Need Sex Ed. Earlier ; 1999 ) In the long tally, it would pay a adolescent to believe more than twice about holding sexual intercourse, particularly when the effects could destroy their life. Most misss and male childs that are get downing high school, that are already sexually active, evidently have non been told about ways to remain abstentious. It still isn # 8217 ; t excessively late for them to do the pick to prolong from sex until matrimony, and it rebelliously isn # 8217 ; t excessively late for those pupils who are still confused about if the privation to hold sexual intercourse or delay. Those are the chief two grounds that ways to remain abstainer should besides be covered in school. Teachers could discourse peer force per unit area towards sex, and how some cats will lie to girls merely so they can hold sex. They could besides discourse how misss or cats should neer blend drugs and sex because the consequences could stop up traumatic. Teachers could besides speak about the pupils self esteem. Most instances show that if a kid has low self-prides, they are more likely to prosecute in sexual activity earlier than 1s that have high self-prides are. ( 11.Alexander, Linda. Sex Ed. Coalition ) Recently, Dr. Sharon Thompson stated that # 8220 ; fright is a taking emotion that causes misss to hotfoot into holding sex. # 8221 ; ( 12.Weston, Louanne. Teaching Teenss to Think before Sexual activity ) Another conflicting affair at manus is the media # 8217 ; s influence on sexual behaviour. The plans that are shown on telecasting today merely promote the opposite thoughts of the sex instruction plans. When a kid turns the telecasting on, they so have entree to the Television shows that contain sexual affairs ; they can hear music with topics refering to sex. In the kids # 8217 ; s mind, all these things do are advance sexual desires. Television plans are get the better ofing the sex instruction plans, because the media is learning childs that sex is all right every bit long as they use protection. Alternatively of the media advancing safe sex and abstention, they continue to demo people holding sex, and neer reference anything about safe sex. The parents are so disenabling their kids for watching Television plans that contain immoral messages about sex. But it isn # 8217 ; t the kids who are making the injury. They should non be punished for watching Television, because everyth ing we see in today # 8217 ; s society is marketed by sex. In general, sex instruction has it # 8217 ; s pro # 8217 ; s and con # 8217 ; s. But the world of the affair is that sex instruction is our lone hope for the hereafter. The sexual educated categories produce as a consequence, healthy striplings that are good instruction and have been taught to believe any sexual activity wholly through. The ground many sex instruction categories have failed in past old ages is merely because society has been excessively afraid to encompass the truth. Once society decides to set morality back into instruction that is when the most advancement will happen. Unless the school system keeps a rigorous sex instruction course of study, sex instruction will be the same five old ages from now, as it was 10 old ages ago. The lone difference will be a higher figure of adolescent gestations, a higher rate of STD # 8217 ; S, and more instances of AIDS. a19 1. # 8220 ; Teaching Fear. # 8221 ; July 1996. Peoples of the American Way. 26 Sept. 2000 file: //A: PeopleofrtheAmericanWayAboutReligiousRights.html 2. Keen, Cathy. # 8220 ; Florida Teens Get Inadequate Sex Education. # 8221 ; UF Information Services 31 Oct. 1999. 7 Sept. 2000. 3. # 8220 ; Sex Education in Schools? # 8221 ; March 1999. Chiropracty, School Sex Education. 05 Sept. 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.newsnet5.com/homezone/familymat # 8230 ; /hoemozone-familymatters-990326-144540.html 4. Woznicki, Katrina. # 8220 ; Smarter Teens Likely to Delay Sex # 8221 ; 29 Feb. 2000. 26 Sept. 2000 file: //A: OnHealthSmarterTeensLikelytoDelaySex.html 5. # 8220 ; Sex Education in Schools ; Its Effectss on Sexual Behavior. # 8221 ; Sept. 1995. HealthFacts. Vol. 20 Issue 196. 26 Sept. 2000. 6. Dunn, Vincy. # 8220 ; Profile of a Sex Education Program. # 8221 ; 1995. SchoolNurse.com. 09 Sept. 2000. 7. # 8220 ; Do Abstinence Only Sex Education Programs Work? # 8221 ; 15 July 2000 Kentucky Community College. Network-KCTCS Health Reference Center Academic. 26 Sept2000 8. Decarlo, Pamela. # 8220 ; Does Sex Education Work? # 8221 ; 7 Sept 2000. UCSF 9. # 8220 ; National Adolescent Reproductive Health Partnership. # 8221 ; 1998. What the Experts Say. 16 Oct.2000 10. Woznicki, Katrina. # 8220 ; Some Girls Need Sex Education Earlier. # 8221 ; 28 June 1999. 26 Sept. 2000 11. Alexander, Linda. # 8220 ; Sex Ed. Coalition. # 8221 ; 26 Sept 2000 12. Weston, Louanne. # 8220 ; Teaching Teenss to Think Before Sex. # 8221 ; 29 April 2000. 26 Sept 2000. SHOULD SEX EDUCATION BE OFFERED IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS? Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-31036909429557071532019-11-28T05:19:00.001-08:002019-11-28T05:19:04.665-08:00Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses Table of Contents Introduction Quantification Arguments in favor of a property tax break Arguments against a property tax break Suggestion resolution Conclusion Reference List Introduction Property tax rates are an essential source of revenues for the majority of local governments which ensure their local fiscal autonomy. The procedures of determining the property tax rates are complicated and extremely important for the functioning of the internal financial administration in general.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the property tax rates are calculated based on the market value of the property. However, in particular cases, due to the specifics of the situation, this method can be inappropriate. This paper will analyze the complex process of quantification of property tax rates for the owners of Habi tat for Humanity houses, detect the main inconsistencies in the current procedures, provide two arguments in favor of giving this category of taxpayers with a tax break and two arguments opposing this decision and offer a resolution for the existing problem. Quantification The property tax bills received by taxpayers combine some rates imposed by different jurisdictions and can be compared to a layer cake. Similarly, the process of quantification of the property taxes paid by the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses in a particular municipality is somewhat complicated and depends upon a wide array of influential factors. The rate of property taxes is defined by property tax administration, consisting of the property assessors determining the value of parcels, the local bodies responsible for evaluating the amounts of money which are needed for the budgets of particular jurisdictions and should be taken from the property tax revenues, auditors calculating the property tax rates for different authorities and treasurers collecting the taxes and distributing them among the corresponding governments. One of the primary goals of the property tax administration is to measure property value and adjust it to the taxpayersââ¬â¢ capability to pay the tax. Market value is the commonly accepted standard used for appraising the property (Mikesell, 2010, p. 496). Market value can be defined as the price at which the property could be sold in a competitive and open market. Therefore, the quantification of property taxes paid by owners of Habitat for Humanity houses in a particular municipality depends upon the market value of these houses and the decisions made by the local jurisdictions.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, taking into account the specifics of the Habitat for Humanity programs in which partner families from vulnerable categories of popul ation are selected and then take part in building and/or restoring the houses they will live in and receive zero-interest mortgages for buying these houses, it can be stated that there is a substantial deviation of the acquisition price from the market value. Arguments in favor of a property tax break Taking into account the inconsistency in the current system of determining the real property taxes paid by the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses due to which the property taxes become an overwhelming burden which can tax people of their homes, it can be stated that a property tax break is required for adjusting the tax rates to the house ownersââ¬â¢ capability to pay. The first argument for developing the appropriate tax break programs for the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses is the deficiency in the procedures of measuring the tax breaks. The use of the standard of the market value based on the principle of possibility to use the property for different purposes for determining the tax rates for this category of taxpayers is inappropriate. Because of the deed restrictions preventing the owners of this property from selling their houses or getting home equity loans before their 20-year mortgages are fully paid. Therefore, the principle of the potential use of this property for profit is excluded because of the deed restrictions and the market value is not related to the case of the Habitat for Humanity houses. The second argument for establishing a tax break for the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses is the patent unfairness of the current system of determining the tax rate for this category of property taxpayers. The existing provisions contradict the constitutional requirement for equal protection. Taking into account the fact that the initial objectives of the Habitat for Humanity program were to provide the low-income categories of the population with opportunities to buy affordable houses, it can be stated that the tax system contra dicts the main principle of this program. It understates the efforts of the Habitat for Humanity (20 year zero-interest mortgages) and hundreds of hours of ââ¬Ësweat equityââ¬â¢ the owners spent on building work due to which the residents received an opportunity to buy houses at the cost significantly different from their market value.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguments against a property tax break Regardless of the apparent deficiency in the current tax system determining the property tax rates for the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses, the application of a property tax break for this category of taxpayers can have some negative implications. The first argument against giving a property tax break to owners of Habitat for Humanity houses is the potential inconsistency in the tax administration func tioning as a result of such a decision (Schick, 2000, p. 151). The property tax is the source of revenues used by the local jurisdictions for financing the schools. Consequently, the reduction of the property laws in particular spheres can result in deficits of school financing (Mikesell, 2010, p. 485). Therefore, a property tax break given to a specific category of taxpayers can lead to the imbalance of budgets and deficits in certain expenditures covered at the expense of particular tax revenues. The second argument against giving a tax break to the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses is the destruction of uniformity and the possibility of imposing different tax rates for similarly situated individuals. Tax breaks result in the gradual erosion ofà the integrity of general taxes, which in their turn have some negative consequences. Rubin (2009) stated that tax breaks result in a reduction of revenues and require cutting back spending, searching for alternative sources of revenu es or permitting constant budget deficits (p. 68). Additionally, the tax break for the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses can produce the impression of unequal treatment of equals upon other low-income citizens. It can encourage different low-income categories of population to look for the opportunities to reduce their tax payments, further erosion of the integrity of the tax system and budget deficits. Suggestion resolution As can be seen from the case under analysis, the current property taxes based upon the market value of property overburden the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses and should be reconsidered.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taking into account the fact that the owners of these houses pay higher taxes than their mortgage payoffs and some of them have to leave their homes because of the high fees, it can be stated that there are significant inconsistencies in the current tax system. Analyzing possible negative implications of giving a tax break to this category of taxpayers, it can be stated that a substantial reform instead of local measures are required for improving the existing situation. One of the possible solutions which can be suggested for adjusting the property taxes to the ownersââ¬â¢ capability to pay is to change the procedures of determining the tax rates and using the acquisition-value assessment instead of the market value standard. Additionally, changes need to be made in the ordinary appraisal procedures, which assume that an owner can use the property for different for-profit purposes. Therefore, it is recommended to take into account the specifics of the case of the owners of Habit at for Humanity houses, including the circumstances under which they receive this property and the restrictions in use of these houses imposed by Habitat for Humanity. Generally speaking, analyzing the case of the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses, it can be stated that the acquisition value assessment procedure can be an effective alternative to the commonly used property tax rates based upon the market value of property in determining the property tax rates for low-income property holders. Conclusion Bearing in mind the importance of property taxes as a source of revenues for the local fiscal administration and taking a close look at the principles of taxation of the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses, it can be concluded that a resolution of the existing problem is not an easy one. Though the inconsistency in the existing procedures of determining the tax rates contradicts disregards the specifics of the situation of the holders of Habitat for Humanity houses, a tax break for this category of taxpayers can have several negative implications. Therefore, more fundamental changes in determining the property tax rates are needed, and using the acquisition-value assessment instead of the market value standard can be one of the possible resolutions. Reference List Mikesell, J. L. (2010). Fiscal administration: Analysis and applications for the public sectorà (8th ed.: 2010 custom edition). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Rubin, I.S. (2009). The politics of public budgeting: Getting and spending; borrowing andà balancing (6th ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press. Schick, A. (2000). The federal budget: Politics, policy, process. Washington, DC: Brrokings Institution. This case study on Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses was written and submitted by user Korbin Banks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-65530204817080102172019-11-24T12:53:00.001-08:002019-11-24T12:53:04.890-08:00Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On ChildrenDivorce is becoming an ever present problem in the developing world. Most societies accept the fact that where there is marriage there is divorce, and ours is no different. When one thinks of divorce they no longer think of torn families and broken promises, but lawsuits and child support. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. These climbing rates are alarming. They suggest a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single mothers on welfare, but the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening, either because they are too upset, or to relieved to notice the childââ¬â¢s perspective. Many parents are also unequipped to handle the psychological aspects, often treating all children the same despite age. The fact of the matter is age often determines how divorce will affect the kids. Very young children, under the age of three, often donââ¬â¢t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children often fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful transition in ... Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children Divorce is becoming an ever present problem in the developing world. Most societies accept the fact that where there is marriage there is divorce, and ours is no different. When one thinks of divorce they no longer think of torn families and broken promises, but lawsuits and child support. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. These climbing rates are alarming. They suggest a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single mothers on welfare, but the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening, either because they are too upset, or to relieved to notice the childââ¬â¢s perspective. Many parents are also unequipped to handle the psychological aspects, often treating all children the same despite age. The fact of the matter is age often determines how divorce will affect the kids. Very young children, under the age of three, often donââ¬â¢t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children often fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful transition in ... Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-25707592456613892022019-11-21T07:25:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:25:17.670-08:00Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass Case Study - 1Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass - Case Study Example The installerââ¬â¢s problem as identified in the PPP was related to the turnover rates. It has been found that the turnover rate of the company has been quite high because the glass installation was a seasonal business. The busy periods were spring and summer and it was found that at this time, the competition for new hires was mounting. However, the demand for the windshield replacement troughed and as a result, the repair shops found it necessary to lay off many of their workers and hire them back during spring and summer. In addition to this, another biggest problem was associated with technicians who were lured by other companiesââ¬â¢ offer, which promised to pay them a fraction more than what they were currently receiving. Therefore, as a result, it was evident that the installers were changing their jobs since they were paid a Dollar more an hour and were allowed to take the companyââ¬â¢s truck home at night. In order to reduce the turnover rate, Safelite also offered truck privileges for a time being, but then stopped it later. It was a matter of concern for the recruiters in HR with regards to getting technicians from other companies to come to Safelite. After going through the case study, it can be revealed that the Performance Pay Plan was revised for both the managers as well as the technicians. It was decided to pay the technicians according to the piece rate system rather than the wage rate system which was previously being practised. The plan was implemented for the technicians to receive the piece rate for every windshield that they installed. According to this plan, the number of windshields that the technician would install in a week would be accumulated. As a result, the techniciansââ¬â¢ pay for the week was decided to be based upon the number of installations. The new plan brought both advantages and disadvantages to the technicians. Previously, the technicians received $10-$12 an hour. However, it was analyzed that according to the new PPP, the technicians would receive $15.22 per hour.à Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-19175270942432361602019-11-20T09:09:00.001-08:002019-11-20T09:09:06.358-08:00Nokia Website Marketing Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4Nokia Website Marketing Analysis - Assignment Example This product will appeal to users of all industries, be it Music, business, art etc. The most important aspect to determine if the particular age group that the product needs to relate to. A few sorts of methods of advertising are, optimizing search engines, networking sites, banner advertisements, link exchanges, and permission-based email are a few important methods. 1) Optimizing search engines: This has always been the most powerful tool since the beginning of the internet revolution. There are a host of websites available at disposal, but just a hand few of them are being used. To attain maximum exposure from these search engines, the website needs to be listed and code words used so that the website is pulled up within the first three pages of the search. 2) Networking sites: A fairly new trend of online advertising is the use of networking sites. Users from all age groups hold and expand their network. It is through these sites that more than just the target audience is reached. Many big brands advertise on sites like Twitter, Orkut, my space, facebook, etc... (Types of Internet Promotion) 3) Banner advertisements: This is one of the most important and widely used forms of advertising over the internet. This nature of advertising has proved to be very profitable and not very expensive. It helps in attaining more web traffic; again this is determined by the location and the appearance of the banner. (Dave,1996) 4) Link exchanges: This is another form of internet promotion wherein two sites are linked together; here there is no payment for either of the site owners. It helps in sales from both the websites and increases the popularity of both the links. 5) Permission-based emails: It is considered as the only form of email marketing and not considered as spam.à Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-36893801300639948252019-11-18T00:39:00.001-08:002019-11-18T00:39:04.691-08:00Country Selection and Initial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsCountry Selection and Initial Analysis - Essay Example The services sector has the largest contribution of 51% approximately (estimated 2010). The population growth rate is just over 1%, which should be viewed as reasonably well for a Muslim majority emerging nation. The currency is known as Moroccan Dirham (MAD) that fluctuates against US dollar because of changes in global economy. However, the exchange rate prevails between 8 ââ¬â 9 Dirham / US dollar at present. The GDP per capita was around $4,900 according to 2010 statistics (CIA Fact Book, 2010) It should also be highlighted that the recent floods in Morocco damaged its agricultural crops as the area under cultivation reduced by significant 25 ââ¬â 30%. As a result, the production of wheat, barley, vegetables and other grains reduced considerably whereas the demand increased due to rise in population. Nonetheless, the government authorities were left with no other option but to increase imports from self-sufficient nations so that they could stabilize wheat prices across M orocco (Reuters Africa, 2010). It should be noted that domestic wheat consumption in Morocco has been estimated to be nearly 8.3 million tons and the shortages resulted in 47% hike in wheat prices (Weisenthal, 2011). The price surge was mainly the outcome of shortage amid price inelastic demand of food products as they are necessities. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7772316265720270572.post-58594009093393913632019-11-15T13:11:00.001-08:002019-11-15T13:11:13.749-08:00A Report on the Strategic Culture and Marketing Strategy of CanonA Report on the Strategic Culture and Marketing Strategy of Canon This is a report and detail analysis of internal structure and culture of Canon. Canon is an established international firm in the photocopy and imaging industry. It operates in diverse range of markets which includes business solution, computer imaging, broadcast and communication, medical system and industrial product. This report further evaluates the overseas opportunities of Canon using PESTEL framework. PESTEL is used to analyse the macro environment and to indentify the key drivers of change affecting the company. The analysis of the internal structures and culture of Canon was carried out by using the McKinseys 7S model and SWOT framework to analyze the company internal capabilities. This report is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the analysis of internal structures and culture of Canon. The McKinseys 7S model and SWOT framework are used in this section for the analysis. The second part relies on Ansoff matrix to assess the overseas growth options available to Canon. The last segment is an analysis of the overseas opportunities for Canon and recommend a suitable overseas market for the company to entry. 2.0 An assessment of Canon internal structures and culture The structure in organization arises as a result of the necessity of the people in organization to know who is in charge, what their role is and who to turn to if there is any concern. Therefore, whether small or large, local, national or multinational, an organization has to have a structure. Henry Mintzberg (1983, p.2) submits that the structure of an organization is the sum total of the ways in which its labour is divided into distinct tasks and then its coordination is achieved among these tasks. Canon as a horizontal organisation includes worldwide Group companies and management committees which are established to address important management issues, and serve a mutual-check function complementing its system of products and operationsà [1]à . In this regard, the structure of Canon significantly affects how the company pursue and realized its strategic objectives. It allows or constraints workers (as the case may be) to actually makes changes and get culturally align with the company strategy. All of the company strategic initiatives rely on the ability of the worker to manipulate the culture of the company that guide employee behaviour in the organization. Cooperate culture is the sum of the sociological markers and behaviours of those within an organisation. The degree to which this aligns with the organisation core values is a powerful driver for success. In using the McKinseys 7S model and SWOT framework, the analysis of Canon internal structures and culture are further expatiated. 2.1 Canon Global: McKinseys 7-S and Swot analysis Introduced by McKinsey and Company in the 1970s, the 7-S model has revolutionalised the way management thinks about organisation effectiveness. It is essentially a framework developed to address the critical role of coordination, rather than structure in an organisation. The 7-S that is strategy, structure, staffing, style, skills, system and shared value are used to analysed Canon simultaneously below. 2.1.1 Analysing Canon: The Mckinseys 7S model In terms of strategy, Canon aims to achieve and sustain its goal of becoming a truly excellent global photocopy and imaging company through its five key strategies for growth. Particularly, its strategy follows from the company adoption of the kyosei philosophy in a global corporation plan. Canon operates a flat structure. It is a horizontal organisation which includes worldwide Group companies and management committees (Refer to Appendix 1). It is important to note that different firms are structured in different ways depending on their size, their culture, their activities and their history. Canon represents what Boje and Dennehy submits as a post modern organisation (2000) and therefore able to strategically respond to the contemporary business environment. A post modern organisation comprises a networked set of diverse, self-managed, self-controlled teams with poly-centres that is many centres of coordination that fold and unfold according to the requirements of the tasks. Being a post modern organisation not only explains the systemic nature of Canon, the ability of the company to implement the kyosei philosophy in every segment of the company is also a clear example. Likewise, teams are organized in flat design, employees are highly empowered and involved in the job, information is fluid and continuous improvement is emphasized throughout. Canon is a flat organization that values and entrust the experience of its staffs to do what is right in the organization. As of December 31, 2009 Canon staff strengths stood at 25,683 globally. It is has highly technical and talented staffs. Canon recognises that learning and development is an important aspect of an organisation growth and development (Sadler-Smith, E 2006, p.2), it has invested on training its staffs and this has leads to an improved skills and knowledge by its staff and in particular area of staff expertise. Canon approach to the articulation of its value is based on aligning individual and organisational goals. Therefore with well trained staff, Canon has developed the ability overtime to compete favourably in the industry. Canon has sustains a vitalised culture among its employee for a long period of time (Kono and Clegg 1998, p. 176). The company ability to ensure that its shared value are integrated into the company as a whole and that they are limited to the management levels explains its style and shared value. Furthermore, the style at which an organisation chooses to pursue its objectives is crucial to the successful realization of those objectives. The core values are foundational to everything that the company does, and organisational style of doing things is part of the core values. It helps defines how the employee, dealers and suppliers are going to help the company contribute to achieving the organisation vision. Canon is an organisation that prides on excellence and technology. Canon of invention is an invincible powerful force that gently nudges the workers into compliance with being continuously innovative. Canon marketing campaign often takes account the local consideration and languages. The kyosei corporate philosophy symbolizes the corporate value which is the shared value of the company. Kyosei means living and working together for the common good which embody the broader share value of the organisation All people regardless of race religion or culture, harmonising living an d working together into the future. 2.1.2 The Swot analysis of Canon This section involves the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as regards to Canon. The SWOT analysis is a management instrument for developing structured response options to deal with external threats and exploit opportunities. 2.1.2.1 Strengths The unique concept and quality of the services offered by Canon is its one major competitive strength. It has been able to sustain this through its focus on inventions and also continuous management innovative reforms. Improved management quality refers to the achievement of real-time management that immediately puts into practise strategies based on well-horned decision-making process (The Canon Story, 2009/2010). The strength of the company to maintain its competitiveness also emanates from good customer relationship it has established with its customers overtime. It has succeeded in transforming the mindset of its employee to be focus on total optimization and profit and has thus enable the employees to relate to customers in an effective and efficient ways. In addition, it has multi skilled labour that cut across all segment of the organisation expertise and they are very effective in matching both the tangible and intangible company resources to its strategies. 2.1.2.2 Weakness Despite the fact that Canon is a global name, it has not extensively exploits other business areas and domains outside its traditional markets of Europe, United States, China and Japan. It should not only restrict its participation to exhibitions in markets outside its traditional zones, it has to be seen to establish production lines in such emerging economies like Brazil and South Africa. This has the potential of sustain its global competitiveness and these markets are rapidly growing with major global impacts. It will also bolster the company diversification process. 2.1.2.3 Opportunities Although, the company expansion into China is also applicable to all major brands in the imaging industry, Canon major opportunity for competitiveness stems from this expansion into Asian countries. In this light, it will be able to benefits from the rise in the demand for digital product in these countries. It bolsters its capability to capture growing demand worldwide for digital products. By focusing on China and other Asian markets, Canon can benefits from the growth potential of these rapidly emerging markets. 2.1.2.4 Threats The major threats to Canon in the industry are from its competitors products. There are intensive competitions among the major players such as Sharp, Toshiba, Sony, Samsung and others each striving for excellence. This creates intensive competition for substitutes products that Canon has to deal with. However, it should be noted that Canon is responding adequately by establishing fully automated production lines built around automated machinery and robot to sustain international competitiveness. 3.0 An examination of Canons strategic business growth In this section, the Ansoff Matrix is used to analyse the process of Canon strategic business growth. The Ansoff growth matrix is a tool for strategic business planning. Although, it must be used along with other decision making tools, the Ansoff Matrix is a tool that can be used to formulate growth strategy for business and market. Table 1 shows the matrix as developed by Igor Ansoff below: As shown in the above diagram, the matrix formulation considers two growth areas which could be the launch of a new or existing product in the markets and growth of a new or expansion of the existing markets. Therefore the growth strategies are developed based on the formulation of growth strategy for the business concerning the products and markets. These are: One, existing product in an existing market, which is indicated as market penetration. Two, new products in an existing market, this is indicated as product development. Three, existing product in new markets, this is market development, and four, new product launch in new markets which is the diversification strategy. Canons Ansoff Matrix 3.1.1 Market Penetration The market penetration strategy of Canon is focus on selling the existing product in existing markets. The company in selling its existing products in the markets can embark of product price cuts in other to increase the sales in existing products. The primary objective is to continue to achieve higher market share in existing markets which of course involve improving the elements of the marketing mix. 3.1.2 Market Development This will involves launching the existing products into a new market overseas or targeting new segments in the home market. For example, Canon launch its products in various countries with different purchasing powers therefore the company will have to match the cost of production of their product in competition with others existing business in the same county. 3.1.3 Products development This simply involves the development of a new product for their loyal customers in the existing markets. This mainly is been carried out by creating new products with modified feature to attract customers. Canon uses this as strategy of continuously developing and upgrading its products while at the same time aiming to ensure the loyalty of its customers. 3.1.4 Diversification Diversification involves that Canon enter a new market with completely new products. This strategy may be suitable for Canon as it has gained a market share in established markets and are seeking new growth opportunity of business which has reach saturation in their markets. Therefore, it can invest completely in new areas as it is doing now medical imaging and other advanced technologies. 4.0 An evaluation of overseas opportunities for Canon The PESTEL framework is used here to analyse Canons overseas opportunities and its suitability for overseas market entry. The market environment where an organisation stands contains both the micro and macro aspects of the environment. PESTEL is used to analyse the macro environment and to indentify the key drivers of change affecting customer buying behaviour in the photography and imaging industry. The PESTEL framework for Canon in three countries is first tabulated below before the short analysis is done. Factors (PESTEL) China USA Brazil Political Attract Investment Investment friendly Attract investment Economic High consumer demands High consumer demand High consumer demand Social Rapidly expanding middle class Large middle and buoyant middle class Growing middle class Technological Growing rapidly Established Growing Environmental Conducive Conducive Conducive Legal Unstable Stable Stable Table 2: PESTEL Analysis The above table shows a simple evaluation of how the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors affect Canon business expansion in three countries. In terms of the political factor, China, USA and Brazil political environment are conducive for investment. They are attractive for investment and as such there is opportunity for expansion by Canon. In China, the economy has been growing between 9%-11% every year since the 1980s. Chinas rapid economic growth is reflected in a high concentration of Ultra-High Net Worth Individual (Ultra-HNWIs); it raises the peoples standard of living. This is also similar to Brazil where consumers purchasing power is on the increase. Therefore the Chinese economic development over the past three decades, Brazil growing consumer consumption and United States large middle class are indications of market opportunities for Canon. The rapidly and upper class in China seeks to enhance its identity and quality of life with luxury goods which is a good opportunity for Canon as its concentrates into high-tech products. China is not only an attractive market because of its large population, Chinese consumer markets is increasingly tending towards high-tech products. The growing demand for medical imaging products in China is an opportunity that Canon has to tap into. In regards to the environmental factors, a keenly awareness of the industry, market, trends, demographics and burgeoning technologies is important for Canon strategic business development. For instance, there is growing global need for technology that protects the environment and as such Canon can seek to expand its capacity in this area. The tremendous opportunities that springs from globalization should be balanced by the need to remain vigilant of changes in the societal, political and business climate of the world at large. While the existing laws in China which is in various jurisdictions governing issues such as taxes, personal privacy of China is uncertain and unstable, the legal factors in USA and Brazil are very conducive for Canon rapid business growth and expansion programmes. 4.1 Canon market entry strategy The market entry strategy pursue by a company depends on its vision, the company attitudes towards risks and importantly the available investment capital. The level of risks and financial rewards increases as a company moves from market entry strategy such as exporting to joint venture to licensing and ultimately to direct investment. Canon evaluates the revenue channels such as licensing, investment and strategic alliances/partnership and uses that as a market entry strategy with minimal risks. A firm choice of mode of entry to a market is central to the implementation of its international strategy (Pehrsson, 2008). Canon has often taken a broad approach to international market entry. This is because most of its products are often available through distributors in many major capitals. It makes the company an already existing entity even before any major entry into such markets. With the advantage of first player in the market, Canon has build up a strong reputation to maintain market position. However, when existing company seeks to enter developing markets, there are additional strategies and issues to address. Canon usually replicates its style and the strategy that have serves it well without significant adaptation. Therefore, Canon normally enters new markets with the objectives of achieving greater market penetration. Largely, this approach has been successful for the company in China. Leonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08916528170092271077noreply@blogger.com0