Discuss how moral distress can affect nurses and its impact on nursing staff retention. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2977 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Make recommendations on how the impact of moral distress on nursing staff can be limited. What is moral distress? Moral distress is the state of psychological discomfort and distress that arises when an individual recognises that they have moral responsibility in a given situation, make a moral judgement regarding the best course of action but for a range of reasons are unable to carry out what they perceive to be the correct course of action.   In reference to nursing, it specifically refers to the psychological conflict that occurs when a nurse has to take actions that conflict with what they believe is right, for example, due to restrictions in practice policies within institutions (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Studies in this area usually use the original definition by Jameton in 1993 moral distress arises when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action (Jameton, 1984).   Further work by Wilkinson in 1987, who published an account of moral distress (Wilkinson, 1989) refined this definition to relate it directly to psychological disequilibrium and negative feeling (Wilkinson, 1987).   Common causes cited by nurses for not being able to fulfil their moral responsibility include a lack of confidence in the ability of colleagues, negative attitudes of colleagues towards patients and a team decision on care that does not follow the patients expressed wishes, or fear of reprisal resulting from the course of action they feel is best for the patient (Wojtowicz et al., 2014). For example, a nurse working in post-operative ward might experience a patient dying as the result of refusing a blood transfusion following surgery due to religious beliefs.   The nurses personal judgement may be that the patient should receive the blood transfusion to give them the best chance of surviving the surgery.   However, because the patient did not consent, the nurse could not carry out the action they perceived to be correct.   When the pati ent died, the nurse may have experienced emotional and psychological distress in the form of guilt and anger that they had not saved a life that may have been possible to save, as well as feelings of helplessness that they could not overrule the patients wishes (Stanley and Matchett, 2014).  Ãƒâ€š . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss how moral distress can affect nurses and its impact on nursing staff retention." essay for you Create order What situations are more likely to cause moral distress? In 2015, Whitehead et al carried out a large scale questionnaire based study in the USA on moral distress amongst nurses and other healthcare professionals (592 participants, 395 of which were registered nurses).   The most common causes of moral distress in nurses included frustration at a lack of patient care due to inadequate continuity (rated 6.4 by nurses on a Likert scale of 0-16), poor communication (5.8) or inadequate staffing levels (5.7).   Additionally, nurses reported that giving life supportive therapy when not in a patients best interest (6.0), or resuscitation only to prolong the process of death (5.8) were also rated highly.   This study also showed that physicians and other healthcare professionals also rated these factors highly, but overall their scores were less than those of nurses.   The authors concluded that nurses are more likely to experience moral distress than other healthcare professionals, possibly due to a discrepancy betwe en levels of responsibility for patient welfare and the required autonomy to make the decisions they believe should be made, as well as feelings of accepting treatment protocols from physicians which they feel are incorrect but unable to challenge or overrule.   Poor team leadership and poor communication was also cited by nurses as a cause of moral distress (Whitehead et al., 2015). Moral distress appears to be more likely amongst nursing staff who are involved in patient care protocols that are considered to be aggressive and futile e.g. prolonged end of life care, or care protocols that the nurse does not consider to be in the patients best interest.   For these reasons, moral distress is thought to be particularly prevalent amongst nurses treating patients in palliative care (Matzo and Sherman, 2009), paediatrics, intensive care (Whitehead et al., 2015; Wilson et al., 2013; Ulrich et al., 2010) and neonatal environments (Wilkinson, 1989).   Additiona lly moral distress is also prevalent amongst psychiatric nurses due to increased feelings of responsibility for vulnerable patients, particularly as these patients are at risk of suffering from ethical mistreatments, e.g. misinformation about drug side effects (Wojtowicz et al., 2014).   Other studies have also identified that issues with the institution itself can cause moral distress, such as inadequate staffing, depersonalisation of staff, inadequate supply of resources and overloading of work (Dalmolin et al., 2014). How does it affect nursing staff? Moral distress can have psychological consequences that affect the nurses performance and wellbeing.   For example, it is thought that nurses experiencing moral distress may self-blame or criticise themselves for an unsatisfactory outcome, and may experience emotions of anger, guilt, sadness or powerlessness (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011; Borhani et al., 2014).   They may shift blame onto others or exhibit avoidance behaviours such as taking time off for illness.   Physical manifestations may also include headaches, diarrhoea, sleep disturbance and palpitations, which may well be interpreted as illness and require time off work, further contributing to low staffing levels, which perpetuates a cycle of understaffing = moral distress / illness = time off = understaffing (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011).   Moral distress is associated with burnout (or emotional exhaustion and extreme stress) and with a reduced sense of professional fulfilment (Dalmolin et a l., 2014) . Moral distress and staff retention Because experiencing moral distress has been linked to harm and stress to nurses, as well as a reduction in the quality of patient care, many studies have cited it as a reason for nurses to leave the profession, resulting in a reduction in staffing levels and self-perpetuating cycle of staff shortages (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011; Borhani et al., 2014).   Indeed, one study of 102 intensive care nurses in the USA found that as many as 40% had left or had considered leaving a job as the direct result of moral distress (Morgan and Tarbi, 2015), Together, these issues can significantly compromise the quality of patient care and result in burnout of nursing staff, causing more to leave the profession to avoid the feelings of guilt that moral distress can cause, particularly in those specialisms typically associated with moral distress such as oncology or paediatrics.   Moral distress also contributes to job dissatisfaction, typically as the result of a discrepancy bet ween the experience the nurse is expecting to have at an institution, and the actual experience (Borhani et al., 2014) This is particularly true of student nurses, who are more likely to have higher expectations of the profession they have worked hard to join, and will be more familiar with the policies and values by which organisations should be run rather than the reality, where it is likely that some practices will be sub-optimal or archaic (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Stanley and Matchett, 2014).  Ãƒâ€š Managing and limiting the impact of moral distress As previously discussed, moral distress is thought to primarily result from either institutional disorganisation (which can be prevented), or distressing ethical situations such as providing futile life prolonging treatment which are unfortunately inevitable (Whitehead et al., 2015).   However, there are ways in which nurses and their management can prepare themselves to deal with these situations effectively, thus reducing the impact of the moral distress (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Although it is important for nursing staff to be supported by their management, ultimately the nurse should be responsible for themselves and their own psychological wellbeing in order to prevent burnout from moral distress (Severinsson, 2003). Several studies have suggested that the best way to reduce the risk of burnout as a result of moral distress is for nurses to share their feelings and seek support from their peers, ideally in an environment where nurses can shar e their experiences and discuss ethical implications of specific situations.   It is also important that nurses understand what moral distress is, and can identify the source of negative feelings.   Psychologically it is thought to be important that nurses acknowledge and identify these feelings so that they may be processed in a less damaging manner (Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Deady and McCarthy, 2010; Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Zieber et al., 2008).   Nurses should also be encouraged to challenge treatment protocols they feel are inappropriate without fear of reprisal (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).   Some researchers have advocated approaches such as nurses emotionally distancing themselves from distressing situations, or actively striving to desensitise themselves.   However it is controversial whether or not this actually reduces moral distress, and of course raises questions about patient welfare with some suggesting that it is important that the nurse fee ls ethically responsible (Whitehead et al., 2015; Severinsson, 2003) and has a degree of emotional involvement in the situation in order to provide best possible care (Bryon et al., 2012; Linnard-Palmer and Kools, 2005; Severinsson, 2003). The majority of studies in this area recommend that moral distress should be included in the curriculum studied by student nurses, along with practical recommendations regarding measures that can be taken to deal with it as and when it occurs (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Borhani et al., 2014; Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Stanley and Matchett, 2014; Whitehead et al., 2015), for example in the form of ethical philosophical discussion to facilitate students to explore their individual moral value systems and emotional responses, as well as be more informed regarding the underlying psychological processes involved.   Therefore nurses may better understand the thought processes involved, and be better equipped to identify unhelpful thinking patt erns that may result from moral distress, thus limiting stress and avoiding the development of burnout (Stanley and Matchett, 2014; Severinsson, 2003). It has been shown by several studies that moral distress occurs less in institutions and teams where there is a healthy and positive attitude towards ethics and the discussion of the application of ethics (Whitehead et al., 2015).   Therefore, it is important that institutions encourage the development of an ethically healthy environment at all levels of management (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Additionally, many studies highlight that incompetence in colleagues and subsequent errors in patient care is a primary source of moral distress in nursing staff, and as such institutions should ensure that an adequate quality of care monitoring system is in place, preferably where staff are able to raise concerns without fear of reprisal (Whitehead et al., 2015; Stanley and Matchett, 2014).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ins titutions should also strive to reduce factors such as institutional disorganisation, inadequate resource levels and understaffing (Dalmolin et al., 2014).   Anonymous reviews have also identified extreme examples of patient mistreatment and poor care, and a lack of empowerment of student nurses in particular to report or challenge unacceptable behaviour in colleagues.   Universities and institutions should therefore encourage an environment where this is possible (Rees et al., 2015).   Feelings of powerlessness to contest clinical decisions can also be reduced by encouraging   collaborative decision making within teams (Karanikola et al., 2014; Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Zieber et al., 2008). Healthcare institutions should also recognise their responsibilities in reducing moral distress amongst nursing staff in order to support them correctly and also to retain staff and limit absence due to staff sickness.   For example, an institution could appo int a designated ethics consultant who can offer guidance to nurses, and ensure that staff have access to counselling if required to address any psychological distress.   The institution could also support the setting up of an ethics discussion forum where staff could discuss troubling situations (Matzo and Sherman, 2009), for example using an online forum which would also provide anonymity to facilitate open discussion.   It has been recommended that such groups be cross-disciplinary, as this would allow for potentially valuable differing viewpoints to facilitate discussion and potentially offer different solutions or approaches to those traditionally used by a team (Matzo and Sherman, 2009). Nursing management staff are thought to experience less moral distress than nurses themselves, presumably as the result of the distance perceived between themselves and the questionable moral decision (Ganz et al., 2015).   As a result it may also be beneficial for management staff to receive specific training about moral distress so that they can understand the situation better and provide more effective support to their teams. Conclusion Moral distress is a significant factor for nurses leaving the profession.   Combatting moral distress is important, not only for the welfare of nursing staff but also the patients themselves.   Healthcare institutions have a responsibility to minimise moral distress as much as possible by improving administrative issues such as staffing levels, team organisation and job satisfaction.   However nurses still have a responsibility to themselves and their patients to reduce moral distress and thus negate its impact on patient care (as well as their own health and wellbeing) by actively partaking in activities such as ethical discussion groups and peer support networks.   Together nurses, healthcare institutions and universities can reduce the impact of moral distress by cultivating an environment where nursing staff can participate in controversial care plan discussions. References Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., Nakhaee, N. and Roshanzadeh, M. (2014). The relationship between moral distress, professional stress, and intent to stay in the nursing profession. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 7, p.3. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512824 [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Bryon, E., Dierckx de CasterlÃÆ' ©, B. and Gastmans, C. (2012). Because we see them naked nurses experiences in caring for hospitalized patients with dementia: considering artificial nutrition or hydration (ANH). Bioethics, 26 (6), p.285à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"295. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21320145 [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Dalmolin, G. de L., Lunardi, V. L., Lunardi, G. L., Barlem, E. L. D. and Silveira, R. S. da. (2014). Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22 (1), p.35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"42. [Online]. Available at : https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Deady, R. and McCarthy, J. (2010). A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress: A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46 (3), p.209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"220. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00260.x   [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Zieber, Brad Hagen, Chris Armstrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Esther, Barry Hall, Lindsay Akins and Michael Stingl. (2008). Moral distress: an emerging problem for nurses in longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?term care? Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 9 (2), p.39à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"48. [Online]. Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14717794200800013   [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Fitzpatrick, J. J. and Wallace, M. (2011). Encyclopedi a of Nursing Research, Third Edition. Springer Publishing Company. [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAE_s82NjtACdq=nursing+moral+distresshl=ensa=Xei=WMiLVfSZE8Ke7gaO4IGIBgved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Ganz, F. D., Wagner, N. and Toren, O. (2015). Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress. Nursing Ethics, 22 (1), p.43à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"51. [Online]. Available at: https://nej.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0969733013515490 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Jameton, A. (1984). Nursing practice: The ethical issues. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs. [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Karanikola, M. N. K., Albarran, J. W., Drigo, E., Giannakopoulou, M., Kalafati, M., Mpouzika, M., Tsiaousis, G. Z. and Papathanassoglou, E. D. (2014). Moral distress, autonomy and nurse-physician collaboration among intensive care unit nurses in Italy. Journal of Nursing Management, 22 (4), p.472à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"484. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jon m.12046 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Linnard-Palmer, L. and Kools, S. (2005). Parents refusal of medical treatment for cultural or religious beliefs: an ethnographic study of health care professionals experiences. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing: Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, 22 (1), p.48à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"57. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574726. [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Matzo, M. L. and Sherman, D. W. (2009). Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, Third Edition. Springer Publishing Company. [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoCpg=PA121dq=nursing+moral+distresshl=ensa=Xei=cciLVbDDK-fd7QbR6q3oDQved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepageq=nursing%20moral%20distressf=false [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Morgan, B. and Tarbi, E. (2015). A Survey of Moral Distress Across Nurses in Intensive Care Units (FR416-A). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 49 (2), p.360à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â€Å"361. [Online]. Available at: doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.11.091 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Rees, C. E., Monrouxe, L. V. and McDonald, L. A. (2015). My mentor kicked a dying womans bedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Analysing UK nursing students most memorable professionalism dilemmas. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71 (1), p.169à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"180. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jan.12457 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Severinsson, E. (2003). Moral stress and burnout: Qualitative content analysis. Nursing and Health Sciences, 5 (1), p.59à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"66. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1442-2018.2003.00135.x   [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Stanley, M. J. C. and Matchett, N. J. (2014). Understanding how student nurses experience morally distressing situations: Caring for patients with different values and beliefs in the clinical environment. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4 (10), p.p133. [Online]. Available at: https://ww w.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/view/5139 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Ulrich, C., Hamric, A. and Grady, C. (2010). Moral Distress: A Growing Problem in the Health Professions? Hastings Center Report, 40 (1), p.20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"22. [Online]. Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v040/40.1.ulrich.html [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Whitehead, P. B., Herbertson, R. K., Hamric, A. B., Epstein, E. G. and Fisher, J. M. (2015). Moral Distress Among Healthcare Professionals: Report of an Institution-Wide Survey: Moral Distress. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47 (2), p.117à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"125. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jnu.12115 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Wilkinson, J. M. (1987). Moral Distress in Nursing Practice: Experience and Effect. Nursing Forum, 23 (1), p.16à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"29. [Online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1987.tb00794.x/abstract [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Wilkinson, J. M. (1989). Moral Distress: A Labor and Delivery Nurses Experience. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 18 (6), p.513à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"519. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1989.tb00503.x [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Wilson, M. A., Goettemoeller, D. M., Bevan, N. A. and McCord, J. M. (2013). Moral distress: levels, coping and preferred interventions in critical care and transitional care nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22 (9-10), p.1455à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1466. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jocn.12128 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Wojtowicz, B., Hagen, B. and Van Daalen-Smith, C. (2014). No place to turn: Nursing students experiences of moral distress in mental health settings: Moral Distress in Mental Health Settings. 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Pateman On Locke Essays - 1259 Words

For years social contract theorists had monopolized the explanation of modern society. John Locke was among those who advocated this theory of a collectively chosen set of circumstances. Carole Pateman, on the other hand rejects many of the pillars of the social contract and specifically attacks certain aspects of Lockes argument regarding paternalism and patriarchy. Pateman defends her idea that the individual about which Locke writes is masculine, instead of the gender-encompassing form of the word quot;man.quot; Pateman also argues that Locke denies the individuality of women. Instead of scrapping his entire work, however, she grants him a couple of concessions, even acknowledging Locke as anti-patriarchal. If John Locke were around†¦show more content†¦Much like the other social contract theorists, Pateman believes that Locke leaves women out of the picture. In Patemans eyes Locke excludes women from quot;participation in the act that creates civil society.quot;(Sexual Contract: 21) Others have generously argued that Locke omitted women from the original contract in order to keep from alienating his (male) audience or, even though they are not mentioned directly, women still quot;could have been party to the social contract.quot;(Sexual Contract:21) Pateman believes his omission was the direct result of Lockes idea of an individual being masculine. When Locke speaks of man and mans role in the social contract, Pateman takes quot;manquot; literally to mean the male gender instead of as a universal term. Pateman also concerns herself with Lockes status as a believer in paternal or parental power. Although Locke stresses the Bibles fifth commandment (Honor thy father and mother) he does not extend womens equality to other arenas. 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The Culture Organizational Structure

Question: Critically analyse a company called ABC and the culture organizational structure of that company. Answer: This essay will critically analyse a company called ABC and the present organizational culture organizational structure of that company. I was appointed as a new supervisor for this company to manage three new teams, which were contracted by the company X, who is the prime contractor for building internet network. This essay will analyse how the existing organizational culture and structure of this company, and evaluate the best organizational culture and structure that can be implemented without much commotion to improve performance and quality of this company. ABC is a company with 19 employees that are contracted to undertake the construction of NBN network to the premises in Central NSW region. It has three teams looked after by one supervisor and management of consisting of three people at the office and with the owner at the top. It also has an operation team, admin and accounting and a supervisor to manage the workers and 16 labours. ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Organisational Culture can be defined in many ways. Hence, they are dependent on which segment is to be discussed. An example of the definition of Organisational Culture is "A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguish the organization from other organizations" (Robins et al. 2011: 466). Another is "Cognitive framework, which consists of attitudes, values, behavioural norms and expectation" (Greenberg,Baron,1997). AGGRESSIVE/DEFENSIVE CULTURE There are many organizational cultural models available. However, this essay is particularly concerned with the one that is related to ABC. Aggressive/defensive culture more prominent in the task than workers and it is more focused on individual's achievement than group achievement (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). There are four elements to Aggressive/defensive culture Oppositional More focussed on having the security and it is critical of other works. It questions the co-workers, which can result in disputes. However, it can also permit quality improvement. Such complications exists there in ABC, where workers questions the quality of other team members' work and it creates dispute rather than improvements. Power Power culture more concerned with prestige and power and it does not necessarily have anything to do with the senior management controlling the lower management. It can exist in small teams and many forms. For example, in small companies when new workers join they are not welcomed, and there is an issue of someone been working for the company for a long time and have the authority over new employees. This did exist with ABC, where new employees were doing the basic tasks and always found fault by senior employees. There was no room for the new employees to progress further. This often led to the disputes and most of the workers resigned. Competitive Individuals are focused on competing against each other and to protect their status by outperforming others. ABC rewarded bonus at the end of the month for those employees who have performed well. This was introduced to motivate employees as well as increase the turnover of the company. Although rewarding employees are great, it made no good for ABC with the existing organizational culture (Ou et al. 2013). There was great competition between the three teams and individual team members among each team. Initially, this bonus payment increased turnover for the company but later it declined as the quality was compromised and complaints increased. There were complaints made by customers to National Broadband Network (NBN). Then the workers were directed to follow the rectification work and this lead to loss of time and money. This whole process affected the company dramatically. It shows how this aggressive/defensive culture affected ABC, as employees had no collaboration in the workplac e as a team. Moreover, they were more focused on their individual achievement. Perfectionists The focus of this culture is to do everything to perfection and in a flawless manner. This is again due to the status and competition and to do well in everything than other people (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). This sometimes results in high quality work but provides no room for teamwork. Overall, the members of Aggressive/defensive culture find themselves in an extreme level of stress. They also find themselves in a conflict situation and are not satisfied with their work. This culture has a negative impact on ABC, especially on the quality of their work and the level of consistency. Often aggressive and defensive members cannot interact with other co-workers and find themselves with impossible expectations. Members usually face conflict situations and not knowing whom to listen to and no assistance from other members. Members dislike their working environment and often leave the organization to find a job in another organization. Importantly this culture does not support teamwork, and such culture does result in job dissatisfaction for any individual as seen in the context of ABC. A power culture describes a non-participative organization structured on the basis of the authority inherent in members' positions. Members believe that they will be rewarded for taking charge, controlling subordinates and, at the same time, being responsive to the demands of superiors ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE It is important for any organization to decide a suitable organizational structure (Knights and Pedrero 2013). It is vital for any organization to decide a structure carefully so that it creates a positive organizational culture as well as achieves the organizational goal. Organizational structure defines who holds power, what responsibilities everyone holds and who makes the decision. There are six main key elements in organizational structure (Robins et al. 2011). They are work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization. The focus of this essay will be on that are related to ABC and evaluate some of the main elements that affect this company. The simple structure: According to Robbins et al. (pp445) the simple structure "it is a flat organization, it usually has only two or three vertical levels and a loose body of employees, and one individual in whom the decision making authority is centralized." The "simple structure" is utilized by ABC with the authority centralized to the owner of the company (Centralisation and decentralization). The simple structure mostly used by small organizations. It allows organizations to be fast, flexible, permits clear accountability while maintaining low operating cost (Fan et al. 2013). ABC's simple structure is a great example of this with the owner at the top and operations team and accounting/admin team at the next level down, as depicted in Diagram 1 (departmentalisation). The supervisor can directly report to the owner and the operations team and the workers can only report to the supervisor but can be in contact with the operations team and the owner to discuss any matter (Chain of command). This allows the organization to make quick decisions unlike other structures like matrix or bureaucracy. ABC has one site supervisor who is managing fifteen team members and reports the owner and the operations team (span of control) (Neubert et al. 2014). Work Specialization: Work specialization also is known as the division of labour. It allows the organization to allocate work among the individuals. Henry Ford utilized this method in the early time and had been very successful. Ford was able to produce a car every ten seconds, using employees who had relatively limited skills (Robins et al. 2011). Work specialization allows organizations to hire people who had relatively low skills and still assist them to be efficient because there were no need for change tasks. Similarly, at ABC the workers are hired with relatively low skills. As long as the workers have white card and first aid certificate, they are hired to do the task. Workers are allocated with repetitive tasks. For example, some workers are only required to dig trenches all day, some just have to operate machines every day, and some just have the job of installing NBN boxes on the wall and some others only do cable hauling. These repeated tasks lead to boredom, fatigue, and poor quality. This re sults in so many complaints by customers and declines the efficiency when workers are again allocated to the rectification work (Neubert et al. 2014). This results in loss of revenue and some workers have been sacked as a result of it. RECOMMENDATION Organisational Culture The use of Aggressive/defensive culture within ABC diminishing the company currently and it will continue to diminish, as the culture gets even more aggressive. ABC will have to focus on building a team that can work together not against each other. It should be working together to achieve a common goal. The most suitable culture for ABC will be Constructive culture. In Constructive culture, individuals are urged to be in correspondence with their colleagues, and work as groups, instead of just as individuals. The Constructive styles incorporate the Achievement, Self-Actualizing, Humanistic-Encouraging, and Affiliative customs in the workplace (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Self-Achievement It allows the task to be completed successfully with the team's own effort as well as be competent and able to do challenging tasks and believes that the achievements are based on personal skills (Ou et al. 2013). It talks about Setting realistic goals, thinking ahead and achieving the results. This is important for ABC as they are working beyond their capacity sometimes, this will allow them to have a realistic and sensible goal. Self-actualizing - It refers to the craving for self-fulfilment, that is, eagerness of a person to become actualized and understand the potentiality. It is about the realization or fulfilment of one's talents and potentialities considered as a drive or need present in everyone (think in unique and independent ways) (do even simple tasks well). Based on the needs for personal growth, self-fulfilment and the realization of one's potential people carry out their performance in a different way. People with this style demonstrate a strong desire to learn and experience things. They are creative yet realistic in thinking and obtains a balanced concern for people and tasks. Humanistic encouraging It is about helping the co-workers to grow and develop and gives high regards to people and their development (Chatman et al. 2013). This will allow the workers at ABC to be people focused and help one another, to develop skills as well being encouraging and supportive. This will eliminate existing issues with ABC where people are racing against each other and not being supportive and focusing on their individual needs. Affiliative: It helps the workers to be focused on people and relationship (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). It will allow sustaining working relationship, and this will surely be significant for ABC. It is important for workers to have this culture and by following it; they will be able to pursue a great relationship. By changing ABC's organizational culture to constructive culture will enable this company to run in harmony. It will allow workers to be more people focused than to be task oriented. It will allow workers to be friendly and help each other and developing skills. Organisational structure The "simple structure" is the most suitable structure for ABC, but there are rooms for some improvements, which will make the operation effective. One particular concern is to do with span of control, where one supervisor is managing three teams (Knights and Pedrero 2013). Although one supervisor is sufficient to look after three teams of sixteen members, the problem is arising because of the work environment. Not all three teams can work together as they are operating on different sites and supervisor can only be on one site at a time. The supervisor will have to travel each site throughout the day to monitor tasks and to assure that the safety standards are being followed. It is recommended to hire another supervisor so the teams can be managed effectively and importantly a constructive culture has to be established and maintained. Another alternative option is to promote one worker from each team to be the team leader, and they can report to the supervisor. However, this is possible solution may create complexity by adding more chain of command. Since ABC is a relatively small company, it is important to have simpler chain of command and span of control. Therefore, the most suitable decision is to hire another supervisor. In addition, the bonus policy of the company should be taken into consideration. Instead of paying bonus for the individuals for their performance, it can be evaluated on the overall team performance. This will encourage workers to work together, and it will allow them to work as a team and help them to change into a constructive culture. Conclusion This essay has critically analyzed the organizational structure and the organizational culture followed by the organization named ABC. In conclusion, it can be said that the existing working, the organizational culture, and the organizational structure of the company named ABC is affecting the motivation and the employee turnover rate of the company. It is a prerequisite for a company to develop and maintain a good working culture. A strong and healthy organizational culture is talent-attractor. In addition to this, it also helps in changing the attitude of the employees to the job and the organization. The organizational culture of the company ABC is of the aggressive/defensive culture. The company needs to replace it with the constructive organizational structure to obtain the above-discussed advantages. On the other hand, the structural organizational pattern followed by the company ABC is being typically helpful for the growth and achievement of the strategic goals of the company . This company is developing a "simple structure" of the organizational structure. As they are operating in the small, scale this particular organizational structure, is providing them a simpler way of power control and a clear hierarchy. However, the undemocratic pattern of decision-making and the strict control over the power structure lead to the employee dissatisfaction and decreased level of employee engagement. Therefore, for the better operation, the ABC can go for this "simple structure" with a bit democratization and recruitment of some new staffs for the simplification of the working issues. Thus, these simple changes within the organizational setup can help ABC to perform better. References: Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Chatman, J.A., Caldwell, D.F., OREILLY, C.A. and Doerr, B.E.R.N.A.D.E.T.T.E., 2013.Organizational Culture and Performance in High-Technology Firms: The Effects of Culture Content and Strength. Working Paper). Berkeley, CA: Haas School of Business. Csaszar, F.A., 2012. Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds.Strategic Management Journal,33(6), pp.611-632. Fan, J.P., Wong, T.J. and Zhang, T., 2013. Institutions and organizational structure: The case of state-owned corporate pyramids.Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,29(6), pp.1217-1252. Knights, P. and Pedrero, F.V., 2013. Speed, coordination and individualistic behaviors: a pilot NK modeling study to investigate the moderating effects of organizational structure on performance in individual firms. Neubert, M.J., Hunter, E.M. and Tolentino, R., 2014, January. The Influence of Servant Leadership and Organizational Structure on Employee and Patient Outcomes. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 17320). Academy of Management. Ou, A.Y., Hartnell, C.A., Kinicki, A.J. and Karam, E.P., 2013, January. A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Unit Performance. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 10037). Academy of Management.

Should Sex Ed. Be Offered In Public free essay sample

Schools? Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Should Sex Education be offered in Public Schools? # 8221 ; Sexual activity can be traced back every bit far as Adam and Eve, the first two people on this planet. Today, all age groups encounter things associated with sex, but it is non a job that concerns everyone. The job that has been at manus for more than thirty old ages is should arouse instruction categories be offered in Public Schools? ( 1.Teaching Fear ; 1996 ) The ground such argument has arose over the old ages is because there are many diverse sentiments about the subject. Children are now faced with jobs at a much earlier age than old ages passed. There must be a manner to make the kids before they are in such demand of aid and are clueless about the lay waste toing jobs around them. Sexual activity instruction is one measure in the right way, when it comes to the wellness of our kids, and the warrant of a solid hereafter. Although some people disagree with the thought of sex instruction categories, in the public school system, the bulks seem to prefer it. On the other manus, some people agree with the thought of sex instruction, but feel like the job lies more in the manner that it is taught, instead than being wholly against the thought. Those who are against sex instruction in category feel as though all the categories would make is make more jobs. They are unsure about the result, whether or non it would do pupils to be more or less likely to prosecute in sexual activities and intercourse. ( 2.Keen, Cathy. Florida Teens Get Inadequate Sex Education ; 1999 ) The chief concerns for most people, particularly parents, are what can the pupils learn from the categories and how can they use it to their lives. In some instances, people feel as though new methods of learning the topic would convey better consequences, such as lower teenage gestations, a diminution in sexually transmitted diseases, more responsible thought, and possibly even lower the rate of sexual torment and colza. Another inquiry that people are inquiring is when should the categories be started. Recent surveies found that between the ages of six old ages old and twelve old ages old, kids are non cognizant of their gender. ( 3.Sex Education in Schools ; 1999 ) Once the kids begin to make pubescence and get down maturating more, that is when the job begins. If the plans would get down in kindergarten and continue through out the undermentioned 12 old ages of school, drastic alterations may be made in the age of first intercourse, or sexual activities. Parents must besides play a prima function in sex instruction. It must travel beyond the doors of the school, and into the places of the kids. Since parents are the chief pedagogues in a kid # 8217 ; s life, they need to discourse the subject of sex instruction in place every bit good. ( Sex Education in Schools ; 1999 ) Children who have neer had a talk about sex with their parents experience more uncomfortable when they have to speak about it in forepart of their schoolmates. In some instances, some pupils may even experience more comfy to speak to their instructor, instead than their parents. A really of import thought for parents to retrieve is, although speaking about sex can be hard, it makes it helpful on a kid to hear about the facts of life from their parents at first. ( 4.Woznicki, Katrina. Smarter Teens Likely to Delay Sex ; 2000 ) This besides makes it easier when they attend the sex instruction categories so they can understand the full impact of the category. Students themselves besides must lend to their ain consciousness of sex instruction, and STD bar. Just like schools offer plans where pupils make committednesss non to imbibe and drive, schools should besides offer plans where pupils can do the promise to remain abstentious until matrimony. A support group would assist the pupils by replying any inquiry the pupils might hold over sex, STD, or even sexual torment. The support group could even offer different types of plans that would learn pupils how to believe before any sexual brush. This would let pupils to be more mentally, and emotionally prepared for when they decide to hold sex. The plans could both detain the oncoming of sexual intercourse, and diminish the figure of sexual spouses. ( 5.Sex Education in Schools: Its Effectss on Sexual Behavior.1995 ) One of the chief inquiries that consequence the sex instruction plan, is what are the best topics to learn the kids. No affair what classes are offered abstention should ever be stressed the most. ( 6.Dunn, Vincy. Profile of A School Sex Ed. Program. ) Most of the sex instruction plans that are soon being used screens abstention, sexually familial disease, adolescent gestation, safe sex, and how to believe before they make a error. If instructors covered different ways to state no to sexual activities, and talked more about the emotional hazards of holding sex at an early age the effectivity of sex instruction would besides increase. Abstinence has the best warrant out of any method of safe sex. If a pupil patterns abstention, that is the lone manner he or she will neer contract a sexually familial disease, or increase the rate of adolescent gestation. The abstention merely plans offer pupils the ability to sharpen their decision-making accomplishments, and larn more about disease bar. ( Teaching Fear ; 1996 ) It besides teaches them to be more responsible for their actions and how to hold more self-denial, and self respect. Practicing safe sex is another topic that is taught in the plans. Today, there are several different methods of safe sex that could be taught. Statisticss show that about 50 % of most high school pupils are sexually active. ( 7.Do abstinence-only plans work? 2000 ) These pupils should besides be able to have the right information they need to understand the ways to be protected. Because one time some STD # 8217 ; S are contracted, the lone remedy is decease. Presently, out of all the population of the United States, adolescents hold the highest record of sexually transmitted disease, and that is out of any age group. ( 8.Decarlo, Pamela. Does Sex Ed. Work? ) Condoms and unwritten preventives are the two taking ways of safe sex, and disease bar. As said before, abstention is the merely 100 % safe manner, but unwritten preventives and rubbers are between 97 % and 99.9 % safe. ( 9.National Adolescent Reproductive Health Partnership ; 1998 ) Although unwritten preventives are merely used to forestall gestation in adult females, rubbers prevent disease transmittal and stop gestation from happening. Distributing rubbers in school, is besides another facet of sex instruction. If the school would supply the protection to any adolescent that was contemplating sexual intercourse, at least he or she would hold equal protection from gestation and STD # 8217 ; S. This could besides put a form for them to follow in the hereafter. That manner they would ever take to have on a rubber, and it could perchance salvage his or her life. The hazards of holding unprotected are really one mportant affairs that should be covered in deepness by the plan. Students should cognize that a hazard of holding unprotected sex and coming in contact with a sexually familial disease such as AIDS might ensue in losing his or her life. In 1994, four hundred and 17 new HIV instances were reported between the ages of 13 old ages of age, and 19 old ages of age. ( Decarlo, Pamela. Does Sex Ed. Work? ) In that same twelvemonth, two thousand six hundred and eighty four new instances were reported between the age of 20 and 24. ( Decarlo, Pamela ; Does Sex Ed. Work? ) If by some opportunity, all those who were infected with the HIV virus had an effectual sex instruction plan ; they might hold a opportunity to populate a life with positive wagess, alternatively of populating a life cognizing that you were closer to decease every twenty-four hours. Unwanted gestation is besides a hazard of unprotected sex. When this affair is covered in school, it would expose the message better to set the misss in the exact state of affairs. For case ; when a teenage miss is pressured into holding sex because it is purportedly love, and so she ends up pregnant, she will so recognize the importance of protected sex. But by so, it will be excessively late. A babe is on the manner, when the miss is still a kid herself. It is a shame to see society in a topographic point where all the ethical motives have vanished like clip. Not merely does this consequence the statistics on teenage gestation, but one time the miss realizes that she can # 8217 ; t be responsible plenty to raise a babe, she likely will make up ones mind to hold an abortion, which will besides increase the figure of abortions per twelvemonth. If the plans covered how it is to hold a babe at such an early age, the figure of gestations and abortions might besides worsen enormously. Not merely are sexually familial diseases, adolescent gestation and abortion the chief hazard of holding unprotected sex, but malignant neoplastic disease is besides. In immature misss, cervical malignant neoplastic disease can happen if sexual intercourse takes topographic point at an highly earliest age. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease and testicular malignant neoplastic disease, which is found in males, can besides be a consequence of a sexually familial disease. The dangers of these malignant neoplastic diseases are really serious. For adult females and work forces likewise, both malignant neoplastic diseases can forestall reproduction, and may even be life endangering. ( 10.Woznicki, Katrina. Some Girls Need Sex Ed. Earlier ; 1999 ) In the long tally, it would pay a adolescent to believe more than twice about holding sexual intercourse, particularly when the effects could destroy their life. Most misss and male childs that are get downing high school, that are already sexually active, evidently have non been told about ways to remain abstentious. It still isn # 8217 ; t excessively late for them to do the pick to prolong from sex until matrimony, and it rebelliously isn # 8217 ; t excessively late for those pupils who are still confused about if the privation to hold sexual intercourse or delay. Those are the chief two grounds that ways to remain abstainer should besides be covered in school. Teachers could discourse peer force per unit area towards sex, and how some cats will lie to girls merely so they can hold sex. They could besides discourse how misss or cats should neer blend drugs and sex because the consequences could stop up traumatic. Teachers could besides speak about the pupils self esteem. Most instances show that if a kid has low self-prides, they are more likely to prosecute in sexual activity earlier than 1s that have high self-prides are. ( 11.Alexander, Linda. Sex Ed. Coalition ) Recently, Dr. Sharon Thompson stated that # 8220 ; fright is a taking emotion that causes misss to hotfoot into holding sex. # 8221 ; ( 12.Weston, Louanne. Teaching Teenss to Think before Sexual activity ) Another conflicting affair at manus is the media # 8217 ; s influence on sexual behaviour. The plans that are shown on telecasting today merely promote the opposite thoughts of the sex instruction plans. When a kid turns the telecasting on, they so have entree to the Television shows that contain sexual affairs ; they can hear music with topics refering to sex. In the kids # 8217 ; s mind, all these things do are advance sexual desires. Television plans are get the better ofing the sex instruction plans, because the media is learning childs that sex is all right every bit long as they use protection. Alternatively of the media advancing safe sex and abstention, they continue to demo people holding sex, and neer reference anything about safe sex. The parents are so disenabling their kids for watching Television plans that contain immoral messages about sex. But it isn # 8217 ; t the kids who are making the injury. They should non be punished for watching Television, because everyth ing we see in today # 8217 ; s society is marketed by sex. In general, sex instruction has it # 8217 ; s pro # 8217 ; s and con # 8217 ; s. But the world of the affair is that sex instruction is our lone hope for the hereafter. The sexual educated categories produce as a consequence, healthy striplings that are good instruction and have been taught to believe any sexual activity wholly through. The ground many sex instruction categories have failed in past old ages is merely because society has been excessively afraid to encompass the truth. Once society decides to set morality back into instruction that is when the most advancement will happen. Unless the school system keeps a rigorous sex instruction course of study, sex instruction will be the same five old ages from now, as it was 10 old ages ago. The lone difference will be a higher figure of adolescent gestations, a higher rate of STD # 8217 ; S, and more instances of AIDS. a19 1. # 8220 ; Teaching Fear. # 8221 ; July 1996. Peoples of the American Way. 26 Sept. 2000 file: //A: PeopleofrtheAmericanWayAboutReligiousRights.html 2. Keen, Cathy. # 8220 ; Florida Teens Get Inadequate Sex Education. # 8221 ; UF Information Services 31 Oct. 1999. 7 Sept. 2000. 3. # 8220 ; Sex Education in Schools? # 8221 ; March 1999. Chiropracty, School Sex Education. 05 Sept. 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.newsnet5.com/homezone/familymat # 8230 ; /hoemozone-familymatters-990326-144540.html 4. Woznicki, Katrina. # 8220 ; Smarter Teens Likely to Delay Sex # 8221 ; 29 Feb. 2000. 26 Sept. 2000 file: //A: OnHealthSmarterTeensLikelytoDelaySex.html 5. # 8220 ; Sex Education in Schools ; Its Effectss on Sexual Behavior. # 8221 ; Sept. 1995. HealthFacts. Vol. 20 Issue 196. 26 Sept. 2000. 6. Dunn, Vincy. # 8220 ; Profile of a Sex Education Program. # 8221 ; 1995. SchoolNurse.com. 09 Sept. 2000. 7. # 8220 ; Do Abstinence Only Sex Education Programs Work? # 8221 ; 15 July 2000 Kentucky Community College. Network-KCTCS Health Reference Center Academic. 26 Sept2000 8. Decarlo, Pamela. # 8220 ; Does Sex Education Work? # 8221 ; 7 Sept 2000. UCSF 9. # 8220 ; National Adolescent Reproductive Health Partnership. # 8221 ; 1998. What the Experts Say. 16 Oct.2000 10. Woznicki, Katrina. # 8220 ; Some Girls Need Sex Education Earlier. # 8221 ; 28 June 1999. 26 Sept. 2000 11. Alexander, Linda. # 8220 ; Sex Ed. Coalition. # 8221 ; 26 Sept 2000 12. Weston, Louanne. # 8220 ; Teaching Teenss to Think Before Sex. # 8221 ; 29 April 2000. 26 Sept 2000. SHOULD SEX EDUCATION BE OFFERED IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS?

Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses

Table of Contents Introduction Quantification Arguments in favor of a property tax break Arguments against a property tax break Suggestion resolution Conclusion Reference List Introduction Property tax rates are an essential source of revenues for the majority of local governments which ensure their local fiscal autonomy. The procedures of determining the property tax rates are complicated and extremely important for the functioning of the internal financial administration in general.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the property tax rates are calculated based on the market value of the property. However, in particular cases, due to the specifics of the situation, this method can be inappropriate. This paper will analyze the complex process of quantification of property tax rates for the owners of Habi tat for Humanity houses, detect the main inconsistencies in the current procedures, provide two arguments in favor of giving this category of taxpayers with a tax break and two arguments opposing this decision and offer a resolution for the existing problem. Quantification The property tax bills received by taxpayers combine some rates imposed by different jurisdictions and can be compared to a layer cake. Similarly, the process of quantification of the property taxes paid by the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses in a particular municipality is somewhat complicated and depends upon a wide array of influential factors. The rate of property taxes is defined by property tax administration, consisting of the property assessors determining the value of parcels, the local bodies responsible for evaluating the amounts of money which are needed for the budgets of particular jurisdictions and should be taken from the property tax revenues, auditors calculating the property tax rates for different authorities and treasurers collecting the taxes and distributing them among the corresponding governments. One of the primary goals of the property tax administration is to measure property value and adjust it to the taxpayers’ capability to pay the tax. Market value is the commonly accepted standard used for appraising the property (Mikesell, 2010, p. 496). Market value can be defined as the price at which the property could be sold in a competitive and open market. Therefore, the quantification of property taxes paid by owners of Habitat for Humanity houses in a particular municipality depends upon the market value of these houses and the decisions made by the local jurisdictions.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, taking into account the specifics of the Habitat for Humanity programs in which partner families from vulnerable categories of popul ation are selected and then take part in building and/or restoring the houses they will live in and receive zero-interest mortgages for buying these houses, it can be stated that there is a substantial deviation of the acquisition price from the market value. Arguments in favor of a property tax break Taking into account the inconsistency in the current system of determining the real property taxes paid by the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses due to which the property taxes become an overwhelming burden which can tax people of their homes, it can be stated that a property tax break is required for adjusting the tax rates to the house owners’ capability to pay. The first argument for developing the appropriate tax break programs for the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses is the deficiency in the procedures of measuring the tax breaks. The use of the standard of the market value based on the principle of possibility to use the property for different purposes for determining the tax rates for this category of taxpayers is inappropriate. Because of the deed restrictions preventing the owners of this property from selling their houses or getting home equity loans before their 20-year mortgages are fully paid. Therefore, the principle of the potential use of this property for profit is excluded because of the deed restrictions and the market value is not related to the case of the Habitat for Humanity houses. The second argument for establishing a tax break for the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses is the patent unfairness of the current system of determining the tax rate for this category of property taxpayers. The existing provisions contradict the constitutional requirement for equal protection. Taking into account the fact that the initial objectives of the Habitat for Humanity program were to provide the low-income categories of the population with opportunities to buy affordable houses, it can be stated that the tax system contra dicts the main principle of this program. It understates the efforts of the Habitat for Humanity (20 year zero-interest mortgages) and hundreds of hours of ‘sweat equity’ the owners spent on building work due to which the residents received an opportunity to buy houses at the cost significantly different from their market value.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguments against a property tax break Regardless of the apparent deficiency in the current tax system determining the property tax rates for the owners of the Habitat for Humanity houses, the application of a property tax break for this category of taxpayers can have some negative implications. The first argument against giving a property tax break to owners of Habitat for Humanity houses is the potential inconsistency in the tax administration func tioning as a result of such a decision (Schick, 2000, p. 151). The property tax is the source of revenues used by the local jurisdictions for financing the schools. Consequently, the reduction of the property laws in particular spheres can result in deficits of school financing (Mikesell, 2010, p. 485). Therefore, a property tax break given to a specific category of taxpayers can lead to the imbalance of budgets and deficits in certain expenditures covered at the expense of particular tax revenues. The second argument against giving a tax break to the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses is the destruction of uniformity and the possibility of imposing different tax rates for similarly situated individuals. Tax breaks result in the gradual erosion of  the integrity of general taxes, which in their turn have some negative consequences. Rubin (2009) stated that tax breaks result in a reduction of revenues and require cutting back spending, searching for alternative sources of revenu es or permitting constant budget deficits (p. 68). Additionally, the tax break for the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses can produce the impression of unequal treatment of equals upon other low-income citizens. It can encourage different low-income categories of population to look for the opportunities to reduce their tax payments, further erosion of the integrity of the tax system and budget deficits. Suggestion resolution As can be seen from the case under analysis, the current property taxes based upon the market value of property overburden the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses and should be reconsidered.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taking into account the fact that the owners of these houses pay higher taxes than their mortgage payoffs and some of them have to leave their homes because of the high fees, it can be stated that there are significant inconsistencies in the current tax system. Analyzing possible negative implications of giving a tax break to this category of taxpayers, it can be stated that a substantial reform instead of local measures are required for improving the existing situation. One of the possible solutions which can be suggested for adjusting the property taxes to the owners’ capability to pay is to change the procedures of determining the tax rates and using the acquisition-value assessment instead of the market value standard. Additionally, changes need to be made in the ordinary appraisal procedures, which assume that an owner can use the property for different for-profit purposes. Therefore, it is recommended to take into account the specifics of the case of the owners of Habit at for Humanity houses, including the circumstances under which they receive this property and the restrictions in use of these houses imposed by Habitat for Humanity. Generally speaking, analyzing the case of the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses, it can be stated that the acquisition value assessment procedure can be an effective alternative to the commonly used property tax rates based upon the market value of property in determining the property tax rates for low-income property holders. Conclusion Bearing in mind the importance of property taxes as a source of revenues for the local fiscal administration and taking a close look at the principles of taxation of the owners of Habitat for Humanity houses, it can be concluded that a resolution of the existing problem is not an easy one. Though the inconsistency in the existing procedures of determining the tax rates contradicts disregards the specifics of the situation of the holders of Habitat for Humanity houses, a tax break for this category of taxpayers can have several negative implications. Therefore, more fundamental changes in determining the property tax rates are needed, and using the acquisition-value assessment instead of the market value standard can be one of the possible resolutions. Reference List Mikesell, J. L. (2010). Fiscal administration: Analysis and applications for the public sector  (8th ed.: 2010 custom edition). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Rubin, I.S. (2009). The politics of public budgeting: Getting and spending; borrowing and  balancing (6th ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press. Schick, A. (2000). The federal budget: Politics, policy, process. Washington, DC: Brrokings Institution. This case study on Property Taxes for Owners of Habitat for Humanity Houses was written and submitted by user Korbin Banks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children

Divorce is becoming an ever present problem in the developing world. Most societies accept the fact that where there is marriage there is divorce, and ours is no different. When one thinks of divorce they no longer think of torn families and broken promises, but lawsuits and child support. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. These climbing rates are alarming. They suggest a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single mothers on welfare, but the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening, either because they are too upset, or to relieved to notice the child’s perspective. Many parents are also unequipped to handle the psychological aspects, often treating all children the same despite age. The fact of the matter is age often determines how divorce will affect the kids. Very young children, under the age of three, often don’t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children often fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful transition in ... Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children Free Essays on Affects Of Divorce On Children Divorce is becoming an ever present problem in the developing world. Most societies accept the fact that where there is marriage there is divorce, and ours is no different. When one thinks of divorce they no longer think of torn families and broken promises, but lawsuits and child support. Statistics show that in the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. These climbing rates are alarming. They suggest a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single mothers on welfare, but the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening, either because they are too upset, or to relieved to notice the child’s perspective. Many parents are also unequipped to handle the psychological aspects, often treating all children the same despite age. The fact of the matter is age often determines how divorce will affect the kids. Very young children, under the age of three, often don’t understand what is going on. Those a bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent children often fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful transition in ...

Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass Case Study - 1

Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass - Case Study Example The installer’s problem as identified in the PPP was related to the turnover rates. It has been found that the turnover rate of the company has been quite high because the glass installation was a seasonal business. The busy periods were spring and summer and it was found that at this time, the competition for new hires was mounting. However, the demand for the windshield replacement troughed and as a result, the repair shops found it necessary to lay off many of their workers and hire them back during spring and summer. In addition to this, another biggest problem was associated with technicians who were lured by other companies’ offer, which promised to pay them a fraction more than what they were currently receiving. Therefore, as a result, it was evident that the installers were changing their jobs since they were paid a Dollar more an hour and were allowed to take the company’s truck home at night. In order to reduce the turnover rate, Safelite also offered truck privileges for a time being, but then stopped it later. It was a matter of concern for the recruiters in HR with regards to getting technicians from other companies to come to Safelite. After going through the case study, it can be revealed that the Performance Pay Plan was revised for both the managers as well as the technicians. It was decided to pay the technicians according to the piece rate system rather than the wage rate system which was previously being practised. The plan was implemented for the technicians to receive the piece rate for every windshield that they installed. According to this plan, the number of windshields that the technician would install in a week would be accumulated. As a result, the technicians’ pay for the week was decided to be based upon the number of installations. The new plan brought both advantages and disadvantages to the technicians. Previously, the technicians received $10-$12 an hour. However, it was analyzed that according to the new PPP, the technicians would receive $15.22 per hour.  

Nokia Website Marketing Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Nokia Website Marketing Analysis - Assignment Example This product will appeal to users of all industries, be it Music, business, art etc. The most important aspect to determine if the particular age group that the product needs to relate to. A few sorts of methods of advertising are, optimizing search engines, networking sites, banner advertisements, link exchanges, and permission-based email are a few important methods. 1) Optimizing search engines: This has always been the most powerful tool since the beginning of the internet revolution. There are a host of websites available at disposal, but just a hand few of them are being used. To attain maximum exposure from these search engines, the website needs to be listed and code words used so that the website is pulled up within the first three pages of the search. 2) Networking sites: A fairly new trend of online advertising is the use of networking sites. Users from all age groups hold and expand their network. It is through these sites that more than just the target audience is reached. Many big brands advertise on sites like Twitter, Orkut, my space, facebook, etc... (Types of Internet Promotion) 3) Banner advertisements: This is one of the most important and widely used forms of advertising over the internet. This nature of advertising has proved to be very profitable and not very expensive. It helps in attaining more web traffic; again this is determined by the location and the appearance of the banner. (Dave,1996) 4) Link exchanges: This is another form of internet promotion wherein two sites are linked together; here there is no payment for either of the site owners. It helps in sales from both the websites and increases the popularity of both the links. 5) Permission-based emails: It is considered as the only form of email marketing and not considered as spam.  

Country Selection and Initial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Country Selection and Initial Analysis - Essay Example The services sector has the largest contribution of 51% approximately (estimated 2010). The population growth rate is just over 1%, which should be viewed as reasonably well for a Muslim majority emerging nation. The currency is known as Moroccan Dirham (MAD) that fluctuates against US dollar because of changes in global economy. However, the exchange rate prevails between 8 – 9 Dirham / US dollar at present. The GDP per capita was around $4,900 according to 2010 statistics (CIA Fact Book, 2010) It should also be highlighted that the recent floods in Morocco damaged its agricultural crops as the area under cultivation reduced by significant 25 – 30%. As a result, the production of wheat, barley, vegetables and other grains reduced considerably whereas the demand increased due to rise in population. Nonetheless, the government authorities were left with no other option but to increase imports from self-sufficient nations so that they could stabilize wheat prices across M orocco (Reuters Africa, 2010). It should be noted that domestic wheat consumption in Morocco has been estimated to be nearly 8.3 million tons and the shortages resulted in 47% hike in wheat prices (Weisenthal, 2011). The price surge was mainly the outcome of shortage amid price inelastic demand of food products as they are necessities.

A Report on the Strategic Culture and Marketing Strategy of Canon

A Report on the Strategic Culture and Marketing Strategy of Canon This is a report and detail analysis of internal structure and culture of Canon. Canon is an established international firm in the photocopy and imaging industry. It operates in diverse range of markets which includes business solution, computer imaging, broadcast and communication, medical system and industrial product. This report further evaluates the overseas opportunities of Canon using PESTEL framework. PESTEL is used to analyse the macro environment and to indentify the key drivers of change affecting the company. The analysis of the internal structures and culture of Canon was carried out by using the McKinseys 7S model and SWOT framework to analyze the company internal capabilities. This report is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the analysis of internal structures and culture of Canon. The McKinseys 7S model and SWOT framework are used in this section for the analysis. The second part relies on Ansoff matrix to assess the overseas growth options available to Canon. The last segment is an analysis of the overseas opportunities for Canon and recommend a suitable overseas market for the company to entry. 2.0 An assessment of Canon internal structures and culture The structure in organization arises as a result of the necessity of the people in organization to know who is in charge, what their role is and who to turn to if there is any concern. Therefore, whether small or large, local, national or multinational, an organization has to have a structure. Henry Mintzberg (1983, p.2) submits that the structure of an organization is the sum total of the ways in which its labour is divided into distinct tasks and then its coordination is achieved among these tasks. Canon as a horizontal organisation includes worldwide Group companies and management committees which are established to address important management issues, and serve a mutual-check function complementing its system of products and operations  [1]  . In this regard, the structure of Canon significantly affects how the company pursue and realized its strategic objectives. It allows or constraints workers (as the case may be) to actually makes changes and get culturally align with the company strategy. All of the company strategic initiatives rely on the ability of the worker to manipulate the culture of the company that guide employee behaviour in the organization. Cooperate culture is the sum of the sociological markers and behaviours of those within an organisation. The degree to which this aligns with the organisation core values is a powerful driver for success. In using the McKinseys 7S model and SWOT framework, the analysis of Canon internal structures and culture are further expatiated. 2.1 Canon Global: McKinseys 7-S and Swot analysis Introduced by McKinsey and Company in the 1970s, the 7-S model has revolutionalised the way management thinks about organisation effectiveness. It is essentially a framework developed to address the critical role of coordination, rather than structure in an organisation. The 7-S that is strategy, structure, staffing, style, skills, system and shared value are used to analysed Canon simultaneously below. 2.1.1 Analysing Canon: The Mckinseys 7S model In terms of strategy, Canon aims to achieve and sustain its goal of becoming a truly excellent global photocopy and imaging company through its five key strategies for growth. Particularly, its strategy follows from the company adoption of the kyosei philosophy in a global corporation plan. Canon operates a flat structure. It is a horizontal organisation which includes worldwide Group companies and management committees (Refer to Appendix 1). It is important to note that different firms are structured in different ways depending on their size, their culture, their activities and their history. Canon represents what Boje and Dennehy submits as a post modern organisation (2000) and therefore able to strategically respond to the contemporary business environment. A post modern organisation comprises a networked set of diverse, self-managed, self-controlled teams with poly-centres that is many centres of coordination that fold and unfold according to the requirements of the tasks. Being a post modern organisation not only explains the systemic nature of Canon, the ability of the company to implement the kyosei philosophy in every segment of the company is also a clear example. Likewise, teams are organized in flat design, employees are highly empowered and involved in the job, information is fluid and continuous improvement is emphasized throughout. Canon is a flat organization that values and entrust the experience of its staffs to do what is right in the organization. As of December 31, 2009 Canon staff strengths stood at 25,683 globally. It is has highly technical and talented staffs. Canon recognises that learning and development is an important aspect of an organisation growth and development (Sadler-Smith, E 2006, p.2), it has invested on training its staffs and this has leads to an improved skills and knowledge by its staff and in particular area of staff expertise. Canon approach to the articulation of its value is based on aligning individual and organisational goals. Therefore with well trained staff, Canon has developed the ability overtime to compete favourably in the industry. Canon has sustains a vitalised culture among its employee for a long period of time (Kono and Clegg 1998, p. 176). The company ability to ensure that its shared value are integrated into the company as a whole and that they are limited to the management levels explains its style and shared value. Furthermore, the style at which an organisation chooses to pursue its objectives is crucial to the successful realization of those objectives. The core values are foundational to everything that the company does, and organisational style of doing things is part of the core values. It helps defines how the employee, dealers and suppliers are going to help the company contribute to achieving the organisation vision. Canon is an organisation that prides on excellence and technology. Canon of invention is an invincible powerful force that gently nudges the workers into compliance with being continuously innovative. Canon marketing campaign often takes account the local consideration and languages. The kyosei corporate philosophy symbolizes the corporate value which is the shared value of the company. Kyosei means living and working together for the common good which embody the broader share value of the organisation All people regardless of race religion or culture, harmonising living an d working together into the future. 2.1.2 The Swot analysis of Canon This section involves the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as regards to Canon. The SWOT analysis is a management instrument for developing structured response options to deal with external threats and exploit opportunities. 2.1.2.1 Strengths The unique concept and quality of the services offered by Canon is its one major competitive strength. It has been able to sustain this through its focus on inventions and also continuous management innovative reforms. Improved management quality refers to the achievement of real-time management that immediately puts into practise strategies based on well-horned decision-making process (The Canon Story, 2009/2010). The strength of the company to maintain its competitiveness also emanates from good customer relationship it has established with its customers overtime. It has succeeded in transforming the mindset of its employee to be focus on total optimization and profit and has thus enable the employees to relate to customers in an effective and efficient ways. In addition, it has multi skilled labour that cut across all segment of the organisation expertise and they are very effective in matching both the tangible and intangible company resources to its strategies. 2.1.2.2 Weakness Despite the fact that Canon is a global name, it has not extensively exploits other business areas and domains outside its traditional markets of Europe, United States, China and Japan. It should not only restrict its participation to exhibitions in markets outside its traditional zones, it has to be seen to establish production lines in such emerging economies like Brazil and South Africa. This has the potential of sustain its global competitiveness and these markets are rapidly growing with major global impacts. It will also bolster the company diversification process. 2.1.2.3 Opportunities Although, the company expansion into China is also applicable to all major brands in the imaging industry, Canon major opportunity for competitiveness stems from this expansion into Asian countries. In this light, it will be able to benefits from the rise in the demand for digital product in these countries. It bolsters its capability to capture growing demand worldwide for digital products. By focusing on China and other Asian markets, Canon can benefits from the growth potential of these rapidly emerging markets. 2.1.2.4 Threats The major threats to Canon in the industry are from its competitors products. There are intensive competitions among the major players such as Sharp, Toshiba, Sony, Samsung and others each striving for excellence. This creates intensive competition for substitutes products that Canon has to deal with. However, it should be noted that Canon is responding adequately by establishing fully automated production lines built around automated machinery and robot to sustain international competitiveness. 3.0 An examination of Canons strategic business growth In this section, the Ansoff Matrix is used to analyse the process of Canon strategic business growth. The Ansoff growth matrix is a tool for strategic business planning. Although, it must be used along with other decision making tools, the Ansoff Matrix is a tool that can be used to formulate growth strategy for business and market. Table 1 shows the matrix as developed by Igor Ansoff below: As shown in the above diagram, the matrix formulation considers two growth areas which could be the launch of a new or existing product in the markets and growth of a new or expansion of the existing markets. Therefore the growth strategies are developed based on the formulation of growth strategy for the business concerning the products and markets. These are: One, existing product in an existing market, which is indicated as market penetration. Two, new products in an existing market, this is indicated as product development. Three, existing product in new markets, this is market development, and four, new product launch in new markets which is the diversification strategy. Canons Ansoff Matrix 3.1.1 Market Penetration The market penetration strategy of Canon is focus on selling the existing product in existing markets. The company in selling its existing products in the markets can embark of product price cuts in other to increase the sales in existing products. The primary objective is to continue to achieve higher market share in existing markets which of course involve improving the elements of the marketing mix. 3.1.2 Market Development This will involves launching the existing products into a new market overseas or targeting new segments in the home market. For example, Canon launch its products in various countries with different purchasing powers therefore the company will have to match the cost of production of their product in competition with others existing business in the same county. 3.1.3 Products development This simply involves the development of a new product for their loyal customers in the existing markets. This mainly is been carried out by creating new products with modified feature to attract customers. Canon uses this as strategy of continuously developing and upgrading its products while at the same time aiming to ensure the loyalty of its customers. 3.1.4 Diversification Diversification involves that Canon enter a new market with completely new products. This strategy may be suitable for Canon as it has gained a market share in established markets and are seeking new growth opportunity of business which has reach saturation in their markets. Therefore, it can invest completely in new areas as it is doing now medical imaging and other advanced technologies. 4.0 An evaluation of overseas opportunities for Canon The PESTEL framework is used here to analyse Canons overseas opportunities and its suitability for overseas market entry. The market environment where an organisation stands contains both the micro and macro aspects of the environment. PESTEL is used to analyse the macro environment and to indentify the key drivers of change affecting customer buying behaviour in the photography and imaging industry. The PESTEL framework for Canon in three countries is first tabulated below before the short analysis is done. Factors (PESTEL) China USA Brazil Political Attract Investment Investment friendly Attract investment Economic High consumer demands High consumer demand High consumer demand Social Rapidly expanding middle class Large middle and buoyant middle class Growing middle class Technological Growing rapidly Established Growing Environmental Conducive Conducive Conducive Legal Unstable Stable Stable Table 2: PESTEL Analysis The above table shows a simple evaluation of how the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors affect Canon business expansion in three countries. In terms of the political factor, China, USA and Brazil political environment are conducive for investment. They are attractive for investment and as such there is opportunity for expansion by Canon. In China, the economy has been growing between 9%-11% every year since the 1980s. Chinas rapid economic growth is reflected in a high concentration of Ultra-High Net Worth Individual (Ultra-HNWIs); it raises the peoples standard of living. This is also similar to Brazil where consumers purchasing power is on the increase. Therefore the Chinese economic development over the past three decades, Brazil growing consumer consumption and United States large middle class are indications of market opportunities for Canon. The rapidly and upper class in China seeks to enhance its identity and quality of life with luxury goods which is a good opportunity for Canon as its concentrates into high-tech products. China is not only an attractive market because of its large population, Chinese consumer markets is increasingly tending towards high-tech products. The growing demand for medical imaging products in China is an opportunity that Canon has to tap into. In regards to the environmental factors, a keenly awareness of the industry, market, trends, demographics and burgeoning technologies is important for Canon strategic business development. For instance, there is growing global need for technology that protects the environment and as such Canon can seek to expand its capacity in this area. The tremendous opportunities that springs from globalization should be balanced by the need to remain vigilant of changes in the societal, political and business climate of the world at large. While the existing laws in China which is in various jurisdictions governing issues such as taxes, personal privacy of China is uncertain and unstable, the legal factors in USA and Brazil are very conducive for Canon rapid business growth and expansion programmes. 4.1 Canon market entry strategy The market entry strategy pursue by a company depends on its vision, the company attitudes towards risks and importantly the available investment capital. The level of risks and financial rewards increases as a company moves from market entry strategy such as exporting to joint venture to licensing and ultimately to direct investment. Canon evaluates the revenue channels such as licensing, investment and strategic alliances/partnership and uses that as a market entry strategy with minimal risks. A firm choice of mode of entry to a market is central to the implementation of its international strategy (Pehrsson, 2008). Canon has often taken a broad approach to international market entry. This is because most of its products are often available through distributors in many major capitals. It makes the company an already existing entity even before any major entry into such markets. With the advantage of first player in the market, Canon has build up a strong reputation to maintain market position. However, when existing company seeks to enter developing markets, there are additional strategies and issues to address. Canon usually replicates its style and the strategy that have serves it well without significant adaptation. Therefore, Canon normally enters new markets with the objectives of achieving greater market penetration. Largely, this approach has been successful for the company in China.

How does art change your perception of a metaphysical concept? :: essays research papers

Death is a metaphysical concept that is abstract and theoretical in composition, but doesn’t embody a material form. From person to person, there are a vast array of interpretations of what death is and what it means to each individual. There is no single universal understanding of what death is, since it doesn’t embody any physical characteristics. I am the kind of person whose opinions are very easily influenced. Whenever I read a book, listen to a song, watch a movie, or look at artwork containing a strong message, my opinions (mainly metaphysical ones) are greatly impacted. Death is a topic everyone will witness countless times during his or her lifetime. Death of loved ones’, animals, or strangers are just few examples of experiences that can mold one’s impression of death. Since I am rather young, I have only truly experienced death on few occasions. One of which was the death of my grandfather. He was in a lot of pain and was bedridden for months. For him, death was almost inevitable and was an answer to the pain he was feeling. I’m not 100% definite how I personally perceive death, but because of my grandfather, I always think of death as being imperative, yet inevitable. I have a great fear for death, because I know how much pain it causes loved ones. When I was in my 9th grade Spanish class, I remember watching an informational movie on the art of bullfighting. A man dressed up in brightly colored clothes chases a bull around the ring, and tries to lodge a spiked instrument into his shoulder blade, and inevitably, kill him. Hundreds of people around the world congregate in Spain to witness this spectacle of death. In this art form, death is put on stage as a light-hearted form of entertainment. After I witnessed this very controversial art form, my perception of death was affected, and I started to perceive death as being more light-hearted, however I still don’t believe it ethical to gain entertainment from it. I now also perceive death as being almost graceful and serene. This type of art portrays death as un-daunting and I am not as fearful of it after I watched it. â€Å"Gassing† by David Olere is a chilling representation of a gas chamber during the time of the holocaust. When I first saw this, the hair on my arms immediately stood straight up.

Center of Pressure Essay

Introduction: The point in a body at which the resultant pressure acts when the body is immersed in a fluid. The apparatus for center of pressure. Objective: The object of this experiment was to calculate the hydrostatic force a fluid exerts on a submerged plane surface and then compare the experimental hydrostatic force to the theoretical hydrostatic force. Theory: The apparatus defining the physical dimensions, this nomenclature will be used throughout this theory. Whilst the theory for the partly submerged and fully submerged plane is the same, it will be clearer to consider the two cases separately. The apparatus can make the calculation center of pressure. A fluid at rest is said to be a static condition. the fluid particle experiences a constant pressure on all sides acting inward towards a single point at its center. The horizontal x and y components of the pressure are equal and opposite and have a net sum of zero. It can be said that the pressure does not change in the horizontal direction, The apparatus for center of pressure. Apparatus: * The hydraulics bench * The hydrostatic pressure apparatus * A set of weights * A jug * Calipers or ruler, for measuring the dimensions of the quadrant For siphoning * A measuring cylinder, or other container of water of similar height to the hydrostatic pressure tank. * A length of small bore flexible tubing. Method 1. Place the center of pressure apparatus on a level surface. This is important for obtaining an accurate force balance scenario. 2.